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📖 Chapter03 - Biolex 學習卡片

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replication

1
中文翻譯
n.復製，摺疊; 迴答; 反響; [植]反疊
英文釋義
answer, reply
例句 Example
He invited her to his laboratory to see if she could replicate the experiment.
他邀請她到他的實驗室看她能否復製該實驗。

nucleoside

2
中文翻譯
n.核苷
英文釋義
a compound (such as guanosine or adenosine) that consists of a purine or pyrimidine base combined with deoxyribose or ribose and is found especially in DNA or RNA
例句 Example
Cytidine ( cytosine nucleoside ) A NUCLEOSIDE formed when cytosine is linked to Dribose via a � � - glycosidic bond.
胞嘧 啶 核苷:當胞嘧啶通過β - 糖苷鍵與D- 核糖接閤形成的核苷.

photosynthesis

3
中文翻譯
n.光閤作用，光能閤成
英文釋義
synthesis of chemical compounds with the aid of radiant energy and especially light; especially : formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen (such as water) in the chlorophyll-containing cells (as of green plants) exposed to light
例句 Example
The high rate of nitrogen and phosphorus is unfavourable to the photosynthesis of the phytoplankton.
過高的氮磷比不利於浮遊植物進行光閤作用.

coenzyme

4
中文翻譯
n.輔酶
英文釋義
a thermostable nonprotein compound that forms the active portion of an enzyme system after combination with an apoenzyme
例句 Example
Ingredient: Plant coenzyme Q 10, JIAYING reductase polypeptide, licorice extract.
成份: 植物輔酶Q10, JIAYING多肽還原酶, 甘草提取物.

nucleotide

5
中文翻譯
n.<生化>核苷酸
英文釋義
any of several compounds that consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar joined to a purine or pyrimidine base and to a phosphate group and that are the basic structural units of nucleic acids (such as RNA and DNA)
例句 Example
The holoenzyme recognizes specific nucleotide sequences on the DNA duplex ( promoters ).
全酶還能識彆DNA雙鏈分子上的特定核苷酸序列 ( 起動基因 ).

reduction

6
中文翻譯
n.減少; 降低; 摺扣; 還原; 縮圖
英文釋義
the act or process of reducing : the state of being reduced
例句 Example
...a future reduction in UK interest rates...
未來英國利率的下調

oxidation

7
中文翻譯
n.氧化
英文釋義
the act or process of oxidizing
例句 Example
Carbon dioxide is a necessary result of the oxidation of carbon compounds.
碳化閤物氧化後必然會産生二氧化碳。

asymmetric

8
中文翻譯
adj.不對稱的，不勻稱的; <邏>非對稱的
英文釋義
having two sides or halves that are not the same : not symmetrical
例句 Example
Famous buildings often have asymmetric designs.
著名建築通常具有不對稱的設計。

cellular

9
中文翻譯
adj.細胞的; 由細胞組成的; 多孔的; 蜂窩狀
英文釋義
of, relating to, or consisting of cells
例句 Example
Cellular networks provide reliable communication in urban areas.
蜂窩網絡在城市地區提供可靠的通信。

modification

10
中文翻譯
n.修改，修正，變更，改良，改進，緩和，減輕，限製; [語]修飾，（用變音符號的）母音改變; [生]誘發變異，變態，變體，變型
英文釋義
the limiting of a statement : qualification
例句 Example
The club members did agree to modify their recruitment policy...
俱樂部成員的確同意修改吸納新成員的政策。

communication

11
中文翻譯
n.錶達，交際; 通信（係統）; 消息
英文釋義
a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior; also : exchange of information
例句 Example
...a communications satellite.
通訊衛星

classification

12
中文翻譯
n.分類，類彆; 分類法; 分類係統
英文釋義
the act or process of classifying
例句 Example
a genre of art that defies classification (= is unlike any other)
一種獨特的藝術類型

direction

13
中文翻譯
n.方嚮，趨勢; 動嚮; 方麵; 目標; 管理，指示; 用法說明; 導演指導
英文釋義
guidance or supervision of action or conduct : management
例句 Example
His failures underline the difference between theatre and film direction.
他的失敗說明瞭導演戲劇和電影是不同的。

ribonucleic

14
中文翻譯
adj.核醣核酸的
英文釋義
rna
例句 Example
Ribonucleic acid is the genetic material of some viruses.
核糖核酸是某些病毒的遺傳物質.

dehydrogenase

15
中文翻譯
n.脫氫酶
英文釋義
an enzyme that accelerates the removal of hydrogen from metabolites and its transfer to other substances
例句 Example
Both prephenate dehydrogenase and prephenate dehydratase have been isolated from plants.
預苯酸脫氫酶和預苯酸脫水酶都已從植物中分離齣來.

addition

16
中文翻譯
n.加法; 增加; 添加物
英文釋義
a part added (as to a building or residential section)
例句 Example
students practicing addition and multiplication
練習加減乘除的學生

deoxyribose

17
中文翻譯
n.去氧核醣
英文釋義
a pentose sugar C5H10O4 that is a structural element of DNA
例句 Example
Ribose and deoxyribose are constituents of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA.
核糖與脫氧核糖分彆是核糖核酸與脫氧核酸(DNA)的結構成分.

internal

18
中文翻譯
adj.內部的; 體內的; 國內的; 內心的
英文釋義
existing or situated within the limits or surface of something: such as
例句 Example
The country stepped up internal security...
該國加強瞭國內安保。

alternative

19
中文翻譯
n.可供選擇的事物adj.替代的，備選的; 另類的
英文釋義
offering or expressing a choice
例句 Example
Have you considered an alternative approach?
你有沒有考慮過彆的方法？

prediction

20
中文翻譯
n.[氣]預測，預報; 預言; 預言的事物
英文釋義
an act of predicting
例句 Example
He was unwilling to make a prediction about which books would sell in the coming year...
他不願意預測來年哪些書會有銷路。

hemicellulose

21
中文翻譯
n.半縴維素
英文釋義
any of various plant polysaccharides less complex than cellulose and easily hydrolyzable to monosaccharides and other products
例句 Example
Corn stalk is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
玉米秸稈主要由縴維素 、 半縴維素、木質素組成.

heterogeneous

22
中文翻譯
adj.各種各樣的; 成分混雜的
英文釋義
consisting of dissimilar or diverse ingredients or constituents : mixed
例句 Example
...the heterogeneous society of today.
當今的異質性社會

cellulose

23
中文翻譯
n.細胞膜質，縴維素; （用於製作塗料、漆等的）縴維素化閤物
英文釋義
a polysaccharide (C6H10O5)x of glucose units that constitutes the chief part of the cell walls of plants, occurs naturally in such fibrous products as cotton and kapok, and is the raw material of many manufactured goods (such as paper, rayon, and cellophane)
例句 Example
A type of preparation technology for granular cellulose fiber for road construction is advanced.
提齣瞭顆粒狀路用木質縴維的製備工藝.

external

24
中文翻譯
n.外麵，外部adj.外麵的，外部的; 外來的; 與外國有關的
英文釋義
capable of being perceived outwardly
例句 Example
...a much reduced heat loss through external walls.
大幅降低的外牆熱損失

deoxyribonucleic

25
中文翻譯
adj.脫氧核糖核的
英文釋義
dna
例句 Example
It is known that they are strands of deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) , the hereditary material of the cell.
已知它們為 脫氧核糖核酸 鏈, 是細胞的遺傳物質.

digestive

26
中文翻譯
adj.消化的; 助消化的n.助消化的食物/藥物
英文釋義
an aid to digestion especially of food
例句 Example
...digestive juices that normally work on breaking down our food...
通常能夠幫助分解食物的有助消化的果汁

directionality

27
中文翻譯
n.方嚮性，定嚮性; 指嚮性
英文釋義
of, relating to, or indicating direction in space:
例句 Example
The directionality of written English is from left to right.
英文的書寫方嚮是自左至右.

biological

28
中文翻譯
adj.生物（學）的; 親生的; （洗衣粉）含酶的
英文釋義
of or relating to biology or to life and living processes
例句 Example
Biological and chemical additives are commonly used in food processing.
生物和化學添加劑常用於食品加工中。

additional

29
中文翻譯
adj.附加的，添加的
英文釋義
more than is usual or expected : added
例句 Example
The US is sending additional troops to the region...
美國正嚮該地區增兵。

monomeric

30
中文翻譯
adj.單節顯性的
英文釋義
a chemical compound that can undergo polymerization
例句 Example
Monomeric enzyme, oligomeric enzyme, multienzyme system and enzymatic molecular device are ideal model supramolecules.
單體酶 、 寡聚酶 、 多酶體係和酶分子機器是理想的天然模型超分子.

glycosidic

31
中文翻譯
adj.糖苷的
英文釋義
any of numerous sugar derivatives that contain a nonsugar group bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen atom and that on hydrolysis yield a sugar (such as glucose)
例句 Example
The best characterized member of this latter group is a rhamnose - glucose - IAA glycosidic complex.
後一類物質中最有特徵性的成份是鼠李糖 - 葡萄糖-IAA糖苷復閤物.

fluidity

32
中文翻譯
n.流動性; 流質; 變移性; 流度
英文釋義
the quality or state of being fluid
例句 Example
The blood vessels may leak fluid, which distorts vision...
血管可能會滲漏，造成視力模糊。

polymerization

33
中文翻譯
n.聚閤; 多項式
英文釋義
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules that contain repeating structural units
例句 Example
Anhydride - type curing agents require the application of heat to promote polymerization.
酸酐類固化劑則要求加熱以促進聚閤反應.

individual

34
中文翻譯
adj.單獨的; 個人的; 獨特的n.個人; 某種類型的人
英文釋義
of, relating to, or distinctively associated with an individual
例句 Example
They wait for the group to decide rather than making individual decisions...
他們等待團體作決定而不是各自作齣決定。

nucleic

35
中文翻譯
adj.核的
英文釋義
any of various complex organic acids (such as DNA or RNA) that are composed of nucleotide chains
例句 Example
Ribose and deoxyribose are constituents of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA.
核糖與脫氧核糖分彆是核糖核酸與脫氧核酸(DNA)的結構成分.

ribose

36
中文翻譯
n.核糖
英文釋義
a pentose C5H10O5 found especially in the dextrorotatory form as a component of many nucleosides (such as adenosine and guanosine) especially in RNA
例句 Example
Ribose and deoxyribose are constituents of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA.
核糖與脫氧核糖分彆是核糖核酸與脫氧核酸(DNA)的結構成分.

acidic

37
中文翻譯
adj.（味）酸的; [化]酸的，酸性的; 含有大量矽酸的
英文釋義
acid-forming
例句 Example
If the sprouts smell, or taste, mouldy or acidic do not eat them.
如果甘藍聞著或吃著有黴味或酸味，請勿食用。

equilibrium

38
中文翻譯
n.平衡，均勢; 平靜
英文釋義
a state of intellectual or emotional balance : poise
例句 Example
Stocks seesawed ever lower until prices found some new level of equilibrium...
股票在震蕩中進一步下跌，直到股價達到某個新的平衡點。

genetic

39
中文翻譯
adj.遺傳的; 基因的; 起源的，起因的; 演變的
英文釋義
relating to or determined by the origin, development, or causal antecedents of something
例句 Example
Cystic fibrosis is the most common fatal genetic disease in the United States.
囊性縴維化是美國最常見的緻命遺傳疾病。

disease

40
中文翻譯
n.疾病; 惡習，弊端
英文釋義
a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms : sickness, malady
例句 Example
...the wretched disease of racism eating away at the core of our society.
侵蝕著我們社會核心的種族主義惡疾

transport

41
中文翻譯
n.交通工具; 交通運輸係統; 運輸; 運輸工具; 激情v.運輸; 傳播; 使身處他境; 流放
英文釋義
to transfer or convey from one place to another
例句 Example
Have you got your own transport?...
你有自己的交通工具嗎？

base

42
中文翻譯
n.基礎，底部; 根據; 來源; 主要成分; 總部，基地; 壘; 堿; 基數v.以…為據點（總部）adj.卑鄙的，無恥的
英文釋義
the bottom of something considered as its support : foundation
例句 Example
Being there gave me a chance to touch base with three friends whom I had not seen for a year.
在那裏，讓我有機會和一年沒見麵的三個朋友取得瞭聯係。

triphosphate

43
中文翻譯
n.三磷酸鹽
英文釋義
a salt or acid that contains three phosphate groups
例句 Example
Muscle contractions are powered by the chemical adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ).
肌肉收縮是由化學物質三磷酸腺苷 ( ATP ) 提供動力的.

polynucleotide

44
中文翻譯
n.多（聚）核苷酸
英文釋義
a polymeric chain of nucleotides
例句 Example
Heterochromatin has shown to be composed largely of short repeated polynucleotide sequences.
異染色質大部分是由短而重復的多核苷酸序列所組成的.

monomers

45
中文翻譯
[化學] 單體
英文釋義
a chemical compound that can undergo polymerization
例句 Example
Glucose molecules are thus the monomers out of which each of these polymers is constructed.
因此葡萄糖是構成這兩種聚閤物的單體.

monosaccharide

46
中文翻譯
n.單糖
英文釋義
a sugar that is not decomposable into simpler sugars by hydrolysis, is classed as either an aldose or ketose, and contains one or more hydroxyl groups per molecule —called also simple sugar
例句 Example
Glyceraldehydes ( CHOCH ( OH ) - CH 2 OH ) A simple monosaccharide bearing an aldehyde group.
甘油醛:分子式為[CHOCH ( OH ) -CH2OH ],它是具醛基的一種簡單的單糖.

oligosaccharides

47
中文翻譯
[醫]低聚糖
英文釋義
a saccharide that contains usually three to ten monosaccharide units
例句 Example
The addition level of these Oligosaccharides were 0 % ( control group ), 0.2 %, 0.4 %, 0.6 %, 0.8 % and 1.0 % respectively.
三種功能性寡糖的添加水平分彆為0.0% ( 對照組 ) 、 0.2% 、 0.4% 、 0.6% 、 0.8%以及1.0%.

pyrimidines

48
中文翻譯
n.嘧啶（pyrimidine的復數形式）
英文釋義
a feeble organic base C4H4N2 of penetrating odor
例句 Example
The other two, thymine and cytosine, are single ring structures called pyrimidines.
另兩個為胸腺嘧啶和胞嘧啶, 即稱為嘧啶的單環結構.

analyzed

49
中文翻譯
v.<美>分析( analyze的過去式和過去分詞 ); 分解; 解釋; 對…進行心理分析
英文釋義
to study or determine the nature and relationship of the parts of (something) by analysis
例句 Example
The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia.
醫生們分析瞭貧血的血樣.

discrete

50
中文翻譯
adj.分離的，不相關聯的; 分立式; 非連續
英文釋義
constituting a separate entity : individually distinct
例句 Example
...instruction manuals that break down jobs into scores of discrete steps.
把工作分解成許多獨立步驟的指導手冊

tetramer

51
中文翻譯
n.四聚物; 四聚體
英文釋義
a molecule (such as an enzyme or a polymer) that consists of four structural subunits (such as peptide chains or condensed monomers)
例句 Example
Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the tetramer could bind to specific CTL from HLA - A 11 + donor.
流式細胞儀分析顯示所製備的四聚體可與HLA-A11+供者的抗原特異性CTL結閤.

collagen

52
中文翻譯
n.[生化]膠原蛋白; 膠原質
英文釋義
any of a group of fibrous proteins that occur in vertebrates as the chief constituent of connective tissue fibrils and in bones and yield gelatin and glue upon boiling with water
例句 Example
The collagen that is included in face creams comes from animal skin.
麵霜中的膠原蛋白取自動物皮層。

androgens

53
中文翻譯
雄激素類
英文釋義
a male sex hormone (such as testosterone)
例句 Example
Lactation is suppressed by administration of androgens.
用雄激素製止泌乳.

monosaccharides

54
中文翻譯
n.單糖; 碳水化閤物單糖
英文釋義
a sugar that is not decomposable into simpler sugars by hydrolysis, is classed as either an aldose or ketose, and contains one or more hydroxyl groups per molecule —called also simple sugar
例句 Example
The polysaccharides are all condensation products of hexoses or other monosaccharides.
多糖全部是己糖或其它單糖的濃縮産物.

glycogen

55
中文翻譯
n.肝糖，糖原質; 糖元; 牲粉
英文釋義
a white amorphous tasteless polysaccharide (C6H10O5)x that is the principal form in which glucose is stored in animal tissues and especially muscle and liver tissue
例句 Example
After the animal is killed, glycogen falls apart into glucose.
動物被殺後, 肝糖元分解為葡萄糖.

glycerol

56
中文翻譯
n.甘油，丙三醇; 醋精
英文釋義
a sweet syrupy hygroscopic trihydroxy alcohol C3H8O3 usually obtained by the saponification of fats
例句 Example
Glycerol is a constituent of all fats and phospholipids.
甘油是所有脂肪和磷脂的組成部分.

hydrogens

57
中文翻譯
n.<化>氫( hydrogen的名詞復數 )
英文釋義
a nonmetallic gaseous chemical element with atomic number 1 that is the simplest and lightest of the elements and that is used especially in the processing of fossil fuels and the synthesis of ammonia —often used before another noun
例句 Example
A methane molecule is composed of one carbon atom attached to four hydrogens.
甲烷分子由1個碳原子與4個氫原子構成。

distinguishes

58
中文翻譯
v.辨彆，區彆( distinguish的第三人稱單數 ); 使齣眾; （憑任何感覺器官）識彆齣; 看清
英文釋義
to perceive a difference in : mentally separate
例句 Example
Language is something which fundamentally distinguishes humans from animals.
語言是將人類與動物區分開來的基本特徵。

estradiol

59
中文翻譯
n.雌二醇，強力求偶素
英文釋義
a natural estrogenic hormone that is a phenolic alcohol C18H24O2 secreted chiefly by the ovaries, that is the most potent of the naturally occurring estrogens, and that is administered in its natural or semisynthetic esterified form especially to treat menopausal symptoms
例句 Example
ER binding sites in tumor were determinedby tritiated estradiol binding method.
用氚標記雌二醇結閤法測定瘤內的ER結閤位點數.

carboxyl

60
中文翻譯
n.羧基
英文釋義
a monovalent functional group or radical —COOH typical of organic acids —called also carboxyl group
例句 Example
These sites include, carboxyl, epoxy, amino and the like.
這些部位包括羧基 、 羰基 、 環氧基和氨基等.

diameter

61
中文翻譯
n.直徑; 放大倍數
英文釋義
a chord passing through the center of a figure or body
例句 Example
...a tube less than a fifth of the diameter of a human hair.
直徑不足人的頭發直徑1/5的電子管

polypeptides

62
中文翻譯
n.[生化] 多肽
英文釋義
a molecular chain of amino acids
例句 Example
Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptides.
蛋白質是由一條或多條多肽鏈組成.

polymers

63
中文翻譯
n.<化>聚閤物（體）( polymer的名詞復數 )
英文釋義
a chemical compound or mixture of compounds formed by polymerization and consisting essentially of repeating structural units
例句 Example
The prices of polymers and suchlike materials will decrease.
聚閤物及類似材料的價格會下降。

glycolipids

64
中文翻譯
[醫]糖脂（類），配糖脂
英文釋義
a lipid (such as a ganglioside or a cerebroside) that contains a carbohydrate radical
例句 Example
The surface - active components of the culture broth were mainly glycolipids and monoglyceride.
發酵液中錶麵活性物質主要是糖脂化閤物及甘油單脂.

depending

65
中文翻譯
v.依靠( depend的現在分詞 ); 依賴; 信賴; 決定於
英文釋義
to be determined, based, or contingent
例句 Example
Prices range from $119 to $199, depending on the particular configuration.
價格因具體配置而異，從119美元至199美元不等。

disulfide

66
中文翻譯
n.二硫化物; 二硫醚
英文釋義
a compound containing two atoms of sulfur combined with an element or radical
例句 Example
The disulfide bridges might then be viewed primarily as stabilizing components.
二硫橋可以被看作是初級的穩定因素.

nucleotides

67
中文翻譯
[醫]核苷酸
英文釋義
any of several compounds that consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar joined to a purine or pyrimidine base and to a phosphate group and that are the basic structural units of nucleic acids (such as RNA and DNA)
例句 Example
The sugar in all the nucleotides of DNA is deoxyribose.
所有DNA的核苷酸中的糖均是脫氧核糖.

carbonyl

68
中文翻譯
n.碳酰基，羰基
英文釋義
an organic functional group or radical —CO— occurring in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and their derivatives
例句 Example
The surface lipids undergo oxidation, generating many compounds containing hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.
錶麵的類脂物氧化後, 産生許多化閤物,包括羥基和羰基化閤物.

synthesized

69
中文翻譯
v.綜閤( synthesize的過去式和過去分詞 ); 人工閤成; （通過化學手段或生物過程）閤成; （音響）閤成
英文釋義
to combine or produce by synthesis
例句 Example
A vitamin is a chemical compound that cannot be synthesized by the human body.
維生素是一種人體無法閤成的化閤物。

estrogens

70
中文翻譯
雌激素類
英文釋義
any of various natural steroids (such as estradiol) that are formed from androgen precursors, that are secreted chiefly by the ovaries, placenta, adipose tissue, and testes, and that stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and promote the growth and maintenance of the female reproductive system; also : any of various synthetic or semisynthetic steroids (such as ethinyl estradiol) that mimic the physiological effect of natural estrogens
例句 Example
All the sex hoymones, e . g. estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone, are steroids.
所有的性激素, 例如雌激素 、 黃體酮和睾酮都是類固酮.

catalysts

71
中文翻譯
n.<化>催化劑( catalyst的名詞復數 ); 觸媒; 促進因素; 有感染力的人
英文釋義
a substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions (as at a lower temperature) than otherwise possible
例句 Example
The first catalytic converters were called conventional oxidation catalysts.
最初的轉化器叫做常規氧化催化器.

biologically

72
中文翻譯
adv.生物學上
英文釋義
of or relating to biology or to life and living processes
例句 Example
It is one of the world's most biologically diverse regions.
這是世界上最富生物多樣性的地區之一.

pyrimidine

73
中文翻譯
n.嘧啶
英文釋義
a feeble organic base C4H4N2 of penetrating odor
例句 Example
The substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine, or vice versa is a transversion.
嘌呤為嘧啶取代或嘧啶為嘌呤所取代,叫做顛換.

oxidized

74
中文翻譯
v.（使某物）氧化，（使某物）生銹( oxidize的過去式和過去分詞 )
英文釋義
to combine with oxygen
例句 Example
Oxidized cholesterol may be responsible for furring up the arteries.
氧化膽固醇可能是造成動脈堵塞的元凶。

glycolipid

75
中文翻譯
n.醣脂類; 糖脂
英文釋義
a lipid (such as a ganglioside or a cerebroside) that contains a carbohydrate radical
例句 Example
The use of a microbially produced glycolipid emulsifier has proven helpful.
微生物産生的糖脂乳化劑非常有效.

membrane

76
中文翻譯
n.（動物或植物體內的）薄膜; 隔膜; （可起防水、防風等作用的）膜狀物
英文釋義
a thin soft pliable sheet or layer especially of animal or plant origin
例句 Example
Similarly, if the seal gap increases, then the membrane will reduce the force.
同樣, 如果密封間隙增大, 那麼液膜內的力就會減小.

building

77
中文翻譯
n.建築（物）; 樓房v.建造; 創立; 發展（build的現在分詞）
英文釋義
a usually roofed and walled structure built for permanent use (as for a dwelling)
例句 Example
Building a strong foundation is essential for any long-term project.
任何長期項目都需要打下堅實的基礎。

alternating

78
中文翻譯
adj.交互的; <醫> 交替的v.交替( alternate的現在分詞 ); （使）交替， （使）輪換
英文釋義
occurring by turns or in succession
例句 Example
This is an alternating current generator.
這是一颱交流發電機.

generically

79
中文翻譯
adv.一般地
英文釋義
relating to or characteristic of a whole group or class : general
例句 Example
The so - called critics are generically mentioned, but not individually mentioned.
當所謂的批評提及時總是一筆帶過, 從不指名道姓.

hydrocarbon

80
中文翻譯
n.<化>碳氫化閤物，烴
英文釋義
an organic compound (such as acetylene or butane) containing only carbon and hydrogen and often occurring in petroleum, natural gas, coal, and bitumens
例句 Example
During incomplete combustion some of the hydrocarbon fuel is cracked.
在不完全的燃燒中,一些烴燃料裂解.

membranes

81
中文翻譯
n.（動物或植物體內的）薄膜( membrane的名詞復數 ); 隔膜; （可起防水、防風等作用的）膜狀物
英文釋義
a thin soft pliable sheet or layer especially of animal or plant origin
例句 Example
The waste material is placed in cells with permeable membranes.
廢液置於有滲透膜的槽中.

chloroplasts

82
中文翻譯
n.[植] 葉綠體（chloroplast的復數）
英文釋義
a plastid that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis
例句 Example
The damaged chloroplasts require the addition of ATP to fuel protein synthesis.
已破壞的葉綠體需要加入ATP以提供閤成蛋白質的能量.

polysaccharides

83
中文翻譯
多糖
英文釋義
a carbohydrate that can be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more molecules of monosaccharides; especially : one (such as cellulose, starch, or glycogen) containing many monosaccharide units and marked by complexity
例句 Example
The polysaccharides are all condensation products of hexoses or other monosaccharides.
多糖全部是己糖或其它單糖的濃縮産物.

distances

84
中文翻譯
n.距離( distance的名詞復數 ); 遠處; （時間或空間的）相距; 疏遠
英文釋義
the quality or state of being distant: such as
例句 Example
The bat judges distances by a kind of echo - location.
蝙蝠用一種迴聲測定法來判斷距離.

quaternary

85
中文翻譯
n.四，四個一組adj.第四組中的組成部分，四進製的
英文釋義
of, relating to, or consisting of four units or members
例句 Example
Cationics are usually quaternary ammomium salts.
陽離子錶麵活性劑通常為季銨鹽類.

monolayer

86
中文翻譯
n.單層
英文釋義
a single continuous layer or film that is one cell, molecule, or atom in thickness
例句 Example
A floating barrier separates a clean water surface from a water surface containing the monolayer.
一塊浮動隔闆將清潔的水麵與含單分子層的水錶麵隔開.

polysaccharide

87
中文翻譯
n.多糖，聚糖，多聚糖
英文釋義
a carbohydrate that can be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more molecules of monosaccharides; especially : one (such as cellulose, starch, or glycogen) containing many monosaccharide units and marked by complexity
例句 Example
A polysaccharide is composed of three or more monosaccharides.
多糖是由三個以上的單糖所組成的.

contributes

88
中文翻譯
v.捐獻( contribute的第三人稱單數 ); 捐助; 撰稿; 投稿
英文釋義
to give or supply (something, such as money or time) as a part or share
例句 Example
Built-up static contributes to sick building syndrome.
高樓林立中的靜電乾擾是引發大樓病綜閤徵的原因之一。