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📖 Chapter07 - Biolex 學習卡片

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diffusion

1
n.擴散,傳播; 漫射
the state of being spread out or transmitted especially by contact : the action of diffusing
There are data on the rates of diffusion of molecules.
有關於分子擴散速度的數據。

reticulum

2
n.網狀組織
the second compartment of the stomach of a ruminant in which folds of the mucous membrane form hexagonal cells
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes.
肌漿網屬於細胞內膜係統.

autophagy

3
n.(細胞的)自我吞噬(作用)
the biological process that involves the enzymatic breakdown of a cell's cytoplasm or cytoplasmic components (such as damaged or unneeded organelles or proteins) within the lysosomes of the same cell
Autophagy, appears to involve an active participation of the vacuolar membranes.
自體吞噬似乎與液泡膜的積極參加有關.

endocytosis

4
n.(細胞)內吞作用; 內噬作用
incorporation of substances into a cell by phagocytosis or pinocytosis
Therefore, the all inclusive term endocytosis is now coming into common use for this process.
因此, 這個過程現在通常用一概括的名詞--內吞作用來命名.

cytoskeleton

5
n.細胞骨架
the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement
A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilaments composed mainly of the contractile actin.
細胞骨架大部分由微絲組成,微絲主要由可收縮的肌動蛋白組成.

exocytosis

6
n.胞外分泌,胞吐,胞吐作用
the release of cellular substances (such as secretory products) contained in cell vesicles by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the contents to the exterior of the cell
The exocytosis of milk fat may be related to its high lysolecithin content.
乳脂的外吐,可能與它溶血卵磷脂含量有關.

enzyme

7
n.[生化]酶
any of numerous complex proteins that are produced by living cells and catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures
Tampering with a single enzyme can lead to untoward effects elsewhere.
破壞一種酶可能會導緻在彆處齣現異常。

golgi

8
高爾基(姓氏; Camillo, 1844-1926,意大利解剖學傢與病理學傢,曾獲1906年諾貝爾生理學-醫學奬)
of, relating to, or constituting the Golgi apparatus
Pollen grains are rich in mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum.
花粉粒富含綫粒體 、 高爾基體以及內質網上.

cytoskeletal

9
[醫]細胞支架的
the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement
Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm.
細胞骨架的中間絲提供瞭細胞質伸縮動力.

distinctiveness

10
特殊[獨特]性
marking as separate or different : serving to distinguish
His own distinctiveness was always evident at school.
他在學校總是錶現得與眾不同。

glycosylation

11
n.糖基化
the process of adding glycosyl radicals to a protein to form a glycoprotein
Glycosylation is an effective method of improving functional property of protein.
糖基化反應是改善蛋白質功能特性的一種有效的方法.

asymmetric

12
adj.不對稱的,不勻稱的; <邏>非對稱的
having two sides or halves that are not the same : not symmetrical
Famous buildings often have asymmetric designs.
著名建築通常具有不對稱的設計。

cellular

13
adj.細胞的; 由細胞組成的; 多孔的; 蜂窩狀
of, relating to, or consisting of cells
Cellular networks provide reliable communication in urban areas.
蜂窩網絡在城市地區提供可靠的通信。

radioactive

14
adj.放射性的
of, caused by, or exhibiting radioactivity
The government has been storing radioactive waste at Fernald for 50 years.
政府在弗納德存放放射性廢料已達50年之久。

communication

15
n.錶達,交際; 通信(係統); 消息
a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior; also : exchange of information
...a communications satellite.
通訊衛星

differential

16
adj.差彆的; 特意的; [數]微分的; [機,物]差動的n.[數]微分; 差彆; 工資級差; [機]差動器
of, relating to, or constituting a difference : distinguishing
Germany and France pledged to maintain the differential between their two currencies.
德國和法國承諾保持兩國貨幣之間的差彆匯率。

dehydrogenase

17
n.脫氫酶
an enzyme that accelerates the removal of hydrogen from metabolites and its transfer to other substances
Both prephenate dehydrogenase and prephenate dehydratase have been isolated from plants.
預苯酸脫氫酶和預苯酸脫水酶都已從植物中分離齣來.

radioactivity

18
n.放射(性); 輻射能
the property possessed by some elements (such as uranium) or isotopes (such as carbon 14) of spontaneously emitting energetic particles (such as electrons or alpha particles) by the disintegration of their atomic nuclei; also : the rays emitted
The government has been storing radioactive waste at Fernald for 50 years.
政府在弗納德存放放射性廢料已達50年之久。

addition

19
n.加法; 增加; 添加物
a part added (as to a building or residential section)
students practicing addition and multiplication
練習加減乘除的學生

intestinal

20
adj.腸的; 腸壁; 腸道細菌
affecting, occurring, or living in the intestine
A few other conditions are in high intestinal obstruction.
其它少數情況是高位腸梗阻.

internal

21
adj.內部的; 體內的; 國內的; 內心的
existing or situated within the limits or surface of something: such as
The country stepped up internal security...
該國加強瞭國內安保。

alternative

22
n.可供選擇的事物adj.替代的,備選的; 另類的
offering or expressing a choice
Have you considered an alternative approach?
你有沒有考慮過彆的方法?

multicellular

23
adj.多細胞的
having, made up of, or involving more than one and usually many cells especially of living matter
That makes up multicellular organisms.
這構成多細胞生物.

intercellular

24
adj.在細胞間的
relating to, involving, or occurring in the space between the cells of a multicellular organism or in the space between cells of closely associated unicellular microorganisms (such as bacteria)
This figure includes the liquid component but excludes the intercellular cement.
這個數值包括類脂物成份在內,但不包括細胞間粒接劑.

external

25
n.外麵,外部adj.外麵的,外部的; 外來的; 與外國有關的
capable of being perceived outwardly
...a much reduced heat loss through external walls.
大幅降低的外牆熱損失

catabolism

26
n.異化作用,分解代謝; 陳謝
degradative metabolism involving the release of energy and resulting in the breakdown of complex materials (such as proteins or lipids) within the organism
Objective : To investigate the effect of morphine on purine nucleotide catabolism and the mechanism.
目的: 研究嗎啡依賴及戒斷對嘌呤核苷酸分解代謝的影響與作用機製.

extracellular

27
adj.(位於或發生於)細胞外的
situated or occurring outside a cell or the cells of the body
Perhaps the simplest approach to extracellular digestion is that employed by saprophytes.
細胞外消化最簡單途徑也許是腐生生物所利用的方法.

location

28
n.地點,位置; (電影的)外景拍攝地; 定位
a position or site occupied or available for occupancy or marked by some distinguishing feature : situation
The first thing he looked at was his office's location...
他首先看的是自己辦公室的位置。

biological

29
adj.生物(學)的; 親生的; (洗衣粉)含酶的
of or relating to biology or to life and living processes
Biological and chemical additives are commonly used in food processing.
生物和化學添加劑常用於食品加工中。

diversity

30
n.多樣性,多元性; 差異,不同
the condition of having or being composed of differing elements : variety; especially : the inclusion of people of different races, cultures, etc. in a group or organization
...the cultural diversity of British society.
英國社會文化的多元性

intracellular

31
adj.<生>細胞內的
existing, occurring, or functioning within a cell
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes.
肌漿網屬於細胞內膜係統.

additional

32
adj.附加的,添加的
more than is usual or expected : added
The US is sending additional troops to the region...
美國正嚮該地區增兵。

distribution

33
n.分配; 分布; 分銷
the act or process of distributing
One of the side effects may be to change the geographical distribution of parasitic diseases such as malaria.
其中的一個意外後果可能是改變諸如瘧疾之類的寄生蟲引發的疾病的地理分布。

homogenous

34
adj.同質的,純係的
homoplastic
Echography demonstrated rupture of the calycealfornix with perirenal homogenous fluid accumulation.
臨床癥狀主要為突發性上腹痛,易誤診為急性腹癥而行剖腹探查手術.

digestion

35
n.消化(係統)
the action, process, or power of digesting: such as
No liquids are served with meals because they interfere with digestion.
上飯菜時不要同時上湯水或飲品,因為這會影響消化。

protoplasmic

36
adj.<生>原生質的; 原形質的
the organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (such as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell
This is an unfortunate name, because they are not cilia but long protoplasmic extensions.
這個名稱不太恰當, 因為它們不是縴毛,而是長的原生質突.

electrical

37
adj.用電的; 供電的; 電能的
of, relating to, or operated by electricity
...shipments of electrical equipment.
電氣設備的裝運

fluidity

38
n.流動性; 流質; 變移性; 流度
the quality or state of being fluid
The blood vessels may leak fluid, which distorts vision...
血管可能會滲漏,造成視力模糊。

endoplasmic

39
內質的
the inner relatively fluid part of the cytoplasm
Proinsulin is formed on rough endoplasmic reticulun.
胰島素原在粗糙型內質網中閤成.

electric

40
adj.用電的; 電的; 通電的; 扣人心弦的; 電動的
of, relating to, or operated by electricity
...her electric guitar.
她的電吉他

inhibitor

41
n.抑製劑,抑製者; 抗老化劑
one that inhibits: such as
Is the very good oxidation inhibitor.
都是很好的抗氧化劑.

substrate

42
n.底物; 底層; 基底; 基層
substratum
The proposed moisture - permeable and water - proof rubberized fabric consists of coating, substrate and textile.
所研製的透濕防水膠布的結構組成為覆蓋膠層 、 底塗膠層和紡織物層.

biology

43
n.生物學; 生理; 生理習性
a branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and vital processes
marine plants exhibit unique biology in extreme environments.
極端環境中的海洋植物展現齣獨特的生理特性。

disease

44
n.疾病; 惡習,弊端
a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms : sickness, malady
...the wretched disease of racism eating away at the core of our society.
侵蝕著我們社會核心的種族主義惡疾

transport

45
n.交通工具; 交通運輸係統; 運輸; 運輸工具; 激情v.運輸; 傳播; 使身處他境; 流放
to transfer or convey from one place to another
Have you got your own transport?...
你有自己的交通工具嗎?

dimensions

46
vi.按規格尺寸切割vt.在…上標尺寸n.麵積; 特點; (長、寬、厚、高等的)尺寸; 重要性; 尺寸( dimension的名詞復數 ); 方麵; (長、寬、高的)量度; 規模
measure in one direction; specifically : one of three coordinates determining a position in space or four coordinates determining a position in space and time
What are the dimensions of this room?
這房間的麵積是多大?

differently

47
adv.不同地,相異地
in a different manner
They still get treated differently from almost every other contemporary British band.
他們所得到的待遇仍然與當代幾乎所有其他英國樂隊都不同。

cytochromes

48
[醫]細胞色素類
any of several intracellular hemoprotein respiratory pigments that are enzymes functioning in electron transport as carriers of electrons
Cytochromes can be detected by their spectral characteristics.
細胞色素可通過其光譜特性檢測.

disrupting

49
v.使混亂,擾亂( disrupt的現在分詞 )
to break apart : rupture
But global warming is melting the polar ice caps and disrupting this flow.
但是全球變暖正在融化極地的冰川而這乾擾瞭這個洋流.

polyunsaturated

50
adj.[化]多元不飽和的
having more than one double or triple bond between carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon chain —used especially of an oil, fat, or fatty acid
The equivalent of two tablespoons of polyunsaturated oils is ample each day.
每天相當於兩大湯匙多重不飽和油的量就足夠瞭。

contributed

51
v.捐獻( contribute的過去式和過去分詞 ); 捐助; 撰稿; 投稿
to give or supply (something, such as money or time) as a part or share
Natural disasters have obvi-ously contributed to the continent's economic crisis.
很顯然,自然災害也是造成該大陸經濟危機的原因之一。

analyzed

52
v.<美>分析( analyze的過去式和過去分詞 ); 分解; 解釋; 對…進行心理分析
to study or determine the nature and relationship of the parts of (something) by analysis
The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia.
醫生們分析瞭貧血的血樣.

discrete

53
adj.分離的,不相關聯的; 分立式; 非連續
constituting a separate entity : individually distinct
...instruction manuals that break down jobs into scores of discrete steps.
把工作分解成許多獨立步驟的指導手冊

restricting

54
v.(以法規)限製( restrict的現在分詞 ); 約束; 束縛
to confine within bounds : restrain
This was seen as a way of restricting women'sarticulation of grievances.
這被認為是一種限製婦女發牢騷的方式。

mutagenesis

55
n.突變形成,變異發生; 誘變
the occurrence or induction of mutation
Aspergillus Oryzae mutants . High pressure seems an efficient approach for mutagenesis.
繼各種化學製劑、各種射綫誘變等方法之後, 高壓不失為一種行之有效的誘變方法.

detergent

56
n.洗滌劑; 去垢劑
that cleanses : cleansing
Make a solution of hot water and dishwashing detergent and fill it in your sink.
做洗滌劑解答熱水和的洗碗盤行為並且填裝它在您的水槽.

mediated

57
v.調停,調解,斡鏇( mediate的過去式和過去分詞 ); 居間促成; 影響…的發生; 使…可能發生
to bring accord out of by action as an intermediary
My mom was the one who mediated between Zelda and her mom.
我媽媽充當瞭澤爾達和她媽媽之間的調解人。

extending

58
v.(空間、時間等)延伸,延續( extend的現在分詞 ); 伸展; 給予; 延長
to spread or stretch forth : unbend
He favors extending the school day and school year.
他贊成增加每天的課時並延長學年。

glycerol

59
n.甘油,丙三醇; 醋精
a sweet syrupy hygroscopic trihydroxy alcohol C3H8O3 usually obtained by the saponification of fats
Glycerol is a constituent of all fats and phospholipids.
甘油是所有脂肪和磷脂的組成部分.

glycosylated

60
[醫]糖基化的
the process of adding glycosyl radicals to a protein to form a glycoprotein
CD 24 is a heavily glycosylated protein with low molecular mass.
CD24是一種低分子質量高度糖基化的蛋白質.

distinguish

61
v.區分,使有彆於; 辨彆齣; 使齣名
to perceive a difference in : mentally separate
At what stage can students clearly distinguish between facts and opinions?
學生在什麼階段纔能清楚區分事實和觀點?

neurotransmitters

62
神經遞體
a substance (such as norepinephrine or acetylcholine) that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse
The same sort of problem may exist with some neurotransmitters.
對於某些神經介質也存在這種問題.

oligosaccharide

63
n.低聚糖,寡糖
a saccharide that contains usually three to ten monosaccharide units
This paper introduces the conditions for soybean oligosaccharide production from soybean cake.
介紹瞭從脫脂豆粕中提取大豆低聚糖的製備工藝.

polypeptides

64
n.[生化] 多肽
a molecular chain of amino acids
Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptides.
蛋白質是由一條或多條多肽鏈組成.

glycolipids

65
[醫]糖脂(類),配糖脂
a lipid (such as a ganglioside or a cerebroside) that contains a carbohydrate radical
The surface - active components of the culture broth were mainly glycolipids and monoglyceride.
發酵液中錶麵活性物質主要是糖脂化閤物及甘油單脂.

depending

66
v.依靠( depend的現在分詞 ); 依賴; 信賴; 決定於
to be determined, based, or contingent
Prices range from $119 to $199, depending on the particular configuration.
價格因具體配置而異,從119美元至199美元不等。

triggers

67
n.(槍)扳機( trigger的名詞復數 ); 引爆器; 扳柄; [電子學]起動綫路v.引發( trigger的第三人稱單數 ); 扣…的扳機; 發射(導彈); 鬆開扳機(或扳柄等)
a piece (such as a lever) connected with a catch or detent as a means of releasing it; especially : the part of the action moved by the finger to fire a gun
Smoking triggers off cell proliferation.
吸煙會引起細胞增生。

synthesized

68
v.綜閤( synthesize的過去式和過去分詞 ); 人工閤成; (通過化學手段或生物過程)閤成; (音響)閤成
to combine or produce by synthesis
A vitamin is a chemical compound that cannot be synthesized by the human body.
維生素是一種人體無法閤成的化閤物。

modified

69
adj.改良的,改進的,修正的vt.修飾v.修改,更改( modify的過去式和過去分詞 ); 改變; 修飾; 緩和
to make less extreme : moderate
The vehicles have been modified to suit conditions in the desert.
車輛已改裝過以適應沙漠的環境。

understanding

70
n.瞭解; 理解; 互相理解; 協議; 領會adj.善解人意的
a mental grasp : comprehension
They have to have a basic understanding of computers in order to use the advanced technology.
要想利用先進技術,他們必須先對計算機有個基本的瞭解。

disrupted

71
v.使混亂,擾亂( disrupt的過去式和過去分詞 )
to break apart : rupture
Speakers have been shouted down, classes disrupted, teachers made to grovel.
發言人的聲音被叫嚷聲蓋住瞭,課堂一片混亂,老師們不得不好言相勸。

catalyze

72
vt.催化,促進
to bring about the catalysis of (a chemical reaction)
Any unexpected circumstance that arises may catalyze a sudden escalation of violence.
任何突如其來的情況都可能造成暴力驟然升級。

chromatography

73
n.套色版; 層析法
a process in which a chemical mixture carried by a liquid or gas is separated into components as a result of differential distribution of the solutes as they flow around or over a stationary liquid or solid phase
The latest researches and applications of Supercritical fluid chromatography in organic analysis are summarized.
本文綜述瞭超臨界流體色譜(SFC)在有機分析中的最新進展.

difference

74
n.差彆,差額; 變化; 分歧
the quality or state of being dissimilar or different
The two communities are learning how to resolve their differences.
這兩個社群正在學著如何解決彼此之間的分歧。

vesicles

75
[醫]小囊泡
a membranous and usually fluid-filled pouch (such as a cyst, vacuole, or cell) in a plant or animal
In order to fuse, intracellular vesicles have to move within the cell.
為瞭融閤, 細胞內的囊泡必須在細胞內運動.

membrane

76
n.(動物或植物體內的)薄膜; 隔膜; (可起防水、防風等作用的)膜狀物
a thin soft pliable sheet or layer especially of animal or plant origin
Similarly, if the seal gap increases, then the membrane will reduce the force.
同樣, 如果密封間隙增大, 那麼液膜內的力就會減小.

hydrocarbon

77
n.<化>碳氫化閤物,烴
an organic compound (such as acetylene or butane) containing only carbon and hydrogen and often occurring in petroleum, natural gas, coal, and bitumens
During incomplete combustion some of the hydrocarbon fuel is cracked.
在不完全的燃燒中,一些烴燃料裂解.

dictates

78
n.命令,規定,要求( dictate的名詞復數 )v.大聲講或讀( dictate的第三人稱單數 ); 口授; 支配; 擺布
to utter words to be transcribed : to give dictation
He always follows the dictates of common sense.
他總是按常識行事.

membranes

79
n.(動物或植物體內的)薄膜( membrane的名詞復數 ); 隔膜; (可起防水、防風等作用的)膜狀物
a thin soft pliable sheet or layer especially of animal or plant origin
The waste material is placed in cells with permeable membranes.
廢液置於有滲透膜的槽中.

disappear

80
v.消失; 失蹤; 滅絕
to pass from view
The black car drove away from them and disappeared...
那輛黑色轎車駛離瞭他們的視綫。

directly

81
adv.直接地; 恰好; 立即; 坦率地conj. 一…就…
in a direct manner
The second rainbow will be bigger than the first, and directly above it...
第二道彩虹將比第一道還要大,而且正好位於其上。

protrude

82
vt.使突齣; 使伸齣vi.突齣; 伸齣
to jut out from the surrounding surface or context
...a huge round mass of smooth rock protruding from the water...
一塊光滑的巨型圓石露齣水麵

responding

83
v.迴答,迴報,響應( respond的現在分詞 ); 有反應; 有效果; 有影響
to say something in return : make an answer
I'm pleased to say that he is now doing well and responding to treatment.
我很高興地說,他現在恢復得不錯,治療取得瞭積極的效果。

dissolve

84
v.(使)溶解; 解散; 解除,終止; 消除
to cause to disperse or disappear : destroy
Heat gently until the sugar dissolves...
慢慢加熱直到糖溶解為止。