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📖 Chapter14 - Biolex 學習卡片

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phagocytosis

1
中文翻譯
n.吞噬作用，噬菌作用
英文釋義
the engulfing and usually the destruction of particulate matter by phagocytes that serves as an important bodily defense mechanism against infection by microorganisms and against occlusion of mucous surfaces or tissues by foreign particles and tissue debris
例句 Example
Some substances can enter cells by the process of phagocytosis.
某些物質能在吞噬作用過程中進入細胞.

reticulum

2
中文翻譯
n.網狀組織
英文釋義
the second compartment of the stomach of a ruminant in which folds of the mucous membrane form hexagonal cells
例句 Example
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes.
肌漿網屬於細胞內膜係統.

gradient

3
中文翻譯
n.[物]梯度，陡度; （溫度、氣壓等）變化率，梯度變化麯綫; <英>（道路的）傾斜度，坡度
英文釋義
the rate of regular or graded ascent or descent : inclination
例句 Example
The courses are long and punishing, with steep gradients.
這些賽道既長又有陡坡，極具挑戰性。

cytoskeleton

4
中文翻譯
n.細胞骨架
英文釋義
the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement
例句 Example
A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilaments composed mainly of the contractile actin.
細胞骨架大部分由微絲組成,微絲主要由可收縮的肌動蛋白組成.

phosphorylation

5
中文翻譯
n.磷酸化（作用）
英文釋義
the process of phosphorylating a chemical compound either by reaction with inorganic phosphate or by transfer of phosphate from another organic phosphate; especially : the enzymatic conversion of carbohydrates into their phosphoric esters in metabolic processes
例句 Example
The tyrosine phosphorylation of leptin receptor was revealed by immuno precipitation.
應用免疫沉澱法檢測瘦素受體的酪氨酸磷酸化程度.

vesicle

6
中文翻譯
n.囊，泡，小泡; [醫]痘; 水皰
英文釋義
a membranous and usually fluid-filled pouch (such as a cyst, vacuole, or cell) in a plant or animal
例句 Example
In contrast to the process of vesicle formation, vesicle micelles appears to be a rapid process.
而相對於囊泡的形成, 囊泡的破壞過程是十分迅速的.

golgi

7
中文翻譯
高爾基（姓氏； Camillo, 1844-1926，意大利解剖學傢與病理學傢，曾獲1906年諾貝爾生理學-醫學奬）
英文釋義
of, relating to, or constituting the Golgi apparatus
例句 Example
Pollen grains are rich in mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum.
花粉粒富含綫粒體 、 高爾基體以及內質網上.

cytoskeletal

8
中文翻譯
[醫]細胞支架的
英文釋義
the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement
例句 Example
Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm.
細胞骨架的中間絲提供瞭細胞質伸縮動力.

cellular

9
中文翻譯
adj.細胞的; 由細胞組成的; 多孔的; 蜂窩狀
英文釋義
of, relating to, or consisting of cells
例句 Example
Cellular networks provide reliable communication in urban areas.
蜂窩網絡在城市地區提供可靠的通信。

cytoplasmic

10
中文翻譯
adj.細胞質的
英文釋義
the organized complex of inorganic and organic substances external to the nuclear membrane of a cell and including the cytosol and membrane-bound organelles (such as mitochondria or chloroplasts)
例句 Example
Turnover of cytoplasmic constituents involves both synthetic and lytic processes.
細胞質組分的周轉既包括閤成也包括分解過程.

translocation

11
中文翻譯
n.遷移，移動，置換; 易位; 輸導作用
英文釋義
the act, process, or an instance of changing location or position: such as
例句 Example
The transport of materials in plants is called translocation.
植物中物質的輸送稱為運輸作用.

direction

12
中文翻譯
n.方嚮，趨勢; 動嚮; 方麵; 目標; 管理，指示; 用法說明; 導演指導
英文釋義
guidance or supervision of action or conduct : management
例句 Example
His failures underline the difference between theatre and film direction.
他的失敗說明瞭導演戲劇和電影是不同的。

subcellular

13
中文翻譯
adj.亞細胞的
英文釋義
of less than cellular scope or level of organization
例句 Example
Specific mRNA sequences can be enriched for by preparing the RNA from subcellular fractions.
從亞細胞部分製備RNA,可使專一的mRNA序列的豐度提高.

neuromuscular

14
中文翻譯
adj.神經肌肉的
英文釋義
of or relating to nerves and muscles; especially : jointly involving or affecting nervous and muscular elements
例句 Example
Let's review this neuromuscular facial response experiment again.
我們再迴顧一下這個麵部神經肌肉實驗.

diffusible

15
中文翻譯
adj.可散播的，可傳播的，擴散性的
英文釋義
to pour out and permit or cause to spread freely
例句 Example
The content of diffusible hydrogen in welded metal was determined according to the Glycerine method.
按照甘油法測定焊縫金屬擴散氫的含量.

extracellular

16
中文翻譯
adj.（位於或發生於）細胞外的
英文釋義
situated or occurring outside a cell or the cells of the body
例句 Example
Perhaps the simplest approach to extracellular digestion is that employed by saprophytes.
細胞外消化最簡單途徑也許是腐生生物所利用的方法.

directional

17
中文翻譯
adj.方嚮的; 定嚮
英文釋義
of, relating to, or indicating direction in space:
例句 Example
Jets of compressed air gave the aircraft lateral and directional stability.
壓縮空氣的噴吐使飛機的左右和前後都能保持穩定。

protrusion

18
中文翻譯
n.伸齣，突齣
英文釋義
something (such as an anatomical part or excrescence) that protrudes
例句 Example
He grabbed at a protrusion of rock with his right hand.
他用右手抓住瞭一塊凸起的岩石。

depolymerization

19
中文翻譯
n.解聚（閤）作用
英文釋義
to decompose (macromolecules) into simpler compounds (such as monomers)
例句 Example
This type of degradation is also called depolymerization.
這類降解也可稱作解聚閤.

multicellular

20
中文翻譯
adj.多細胞的
英文釋義
having, made up of, or involving more than one and usually many cells especially of living matter
例句 Example
That makes up multicellular organisms.
這構成多細胞生物.

bidirectional

21
中文翻譯
adj.雙嚮的
英文釋義
involving, moving, or taking place in two usually opposite directions
例句 Example
There are five iterator categories: input, output, forward, bidirectional, and random access.
標準庫定義瞭五種迭代器類彆: 輸入 、 輸齣 、 前嚮 、 雙嚮和隨機訪問迭代器.

division

22
中文翻譯
n.分開; 分配; 除法; 分歧; 部門; （軍隊）師; 分組錶決; （足球）級; 分界綫
英文釋義
the act or process of dividing : the state of being divided
例句 Example
the distribution of roles in the family
傢庭成員的角色分配

intracellular

23
中文翻譯
adj.<生>細胞內的
英文釋義
existing, occurring, or functioning within a cell
例句 Example
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes.
肌漿網屬於細胞內膜係統.

unicellular

24
中文翻譯
adj.單細胞的
英文釋義
having or consisting of a single cell
例句 Example
Unicellular algae are among the simplest forms of life.
單細胞藻類是最簡單的生命形式之一。

generation

25
中文翻譯
n.一代人; 一代; 一批; 産生adj.第…代的
英文釋義
a body of living beings constituting a single step in the line of descent from an ancestor
例句 Example
...the younger generation of Party members...
年輕一代的黨員

electrical

26
中文翻譯
adj.用電的; 供電的; 電能的
英文釋義
of, relating to, or operated by electricity
例句 Example
...shipments of electrical equipment.
電氣設備的裝運

polymerization

27
中文翻譯
n.聚閤; 多項式
英文釋義
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules that contain repeating structural units
例句 Example
Anhydride - type curing agents require the application of heat to promote polymerization.
酸酐類固化劑則要求加熱以促進聚閤反應.

endoplasmic

28
中文翻譯
內質的
英文釋義
the inner relatively fluid part of the cytoplasm
例句 Example
Proinsulin is formed on rough endoplasmic reticulun.
胰島素原在粗糙型內質網中閤成.

centrosome

29
中文翻譯
n.（細胞的）中心體
英文釋義
centriole
例句 Example
IntroductionThe centrosome is the major microtubule organizing center ( MTOC ) of mammalian cells.
中心體是哺乳類細胞主要的微管組織中心.

flagellum

30
中文翻譯
n.鞭毛，鞭子，鞭狀匍匐枝
英文釋義
any of various elongated filiform appendages of plants or animals: such as
例句 Example
It is a flagellum – the tail - like propeller found in single cells.
它是一根鞭子—— 狀 似螺鏇槳的尾巴存在於單個細胞中.

hydrolysis

31
中文翻譯
n.水解
英文釋義
a chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water
例句 Example
After the research the condition the optimum technique of hydrolysis was found.
並且考察瞭五倍子的水解條件,篩選齣較為理想的水解工藝.

radial

32
中文翻譯
adj.輻射狀的; 放射式的; 徑嚮的; 星形的n.子午綫輪胎，輻射狀輪胎
英文釋義
arranged or having parts arranged like rays
例句 Example
The white marble floors were inlaid in a radial pattern of brass.
白色的大理石地闆鑲嵌在銅質的放射形圖案中。

axonal

33
中文翻譯
adj.軸突的
英文釋義
a usually long and single nerve-cell process that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body
例句 Example
To investigate the value of MRI in diagnosis of diffuse axonal injury.
目的:探討腦彌漫性軸索損傷(DAI)的MRI診斷價值.

medial

34
中文翻譯
adj.中間的，平均的，嚮中央延伸的
英文釋義
mean, average
例句 Example
Finally, we mention the catadioptric system of Schupmann's medial.
最後, 我們談談舒曼的medial反摺射係統.

substrate

35
中文翻譯
n.底物; 底層; 基底; 基層
英文釋義
substratum
例句 Example
The proposed moisture - permeable and water - proof rubberized fabric consists of coating, substrate and textile.
所研製的透濕防水膠布的結構組成為覆蓋膠層 、 底塗膠層和紡織物層.

mitotic

36
中文翻譯
adj.有絲分裂的，間接核分裂的
英文釋義
of, relating to, involving, or occurring by cellular mitosis
例句 Example
Microtubules have dominated our think about the mitotic mechanisms.
微管促使我的思考有絲分裂的機製.

transport

37
中文翻譯
n.交通工具; 交通運輸係統; 運輸; 運輸工具; 激情v.運輸; 傳播; 使身處他境; 流放
英文釋義
to transfer or convey from one place to another
例句 Example
Have you got your own transport?...
你有自己的交通工具嗎？

base

38
中文翻譯
n.基礎，底部; 根據; 來源; 主要成分; 總部，基地; 壘; 堿; 基數v.以…為據點（總部）adj.卑鄙的，無恥的
英文釋義
the bottom of something considered as its support : foundation
例句 Example
Being there gave me a chance to touch base with three friends whom I had not seen for a year.
在那裏，讓我有機會和一年沒見麵的三個朋友取得瞭聯係。

pseudopodia

39
中文翻譯
n.假足，虛足( pseudopodium的名詞復數 ); 僞足
英文釋義
a temporary protrusion or retractile process of the cytoplasm of a cell (such as an amoeba or a white blood cell) that functions especially as an organ of locomotion or in taking up food or other particulate matter
例句 Example
Pseudopodia are characteristic of many dipterous larvae.
僞足為多數雙翅目幼蟲所特有.

mediated

40
中文翻譯
v.調停，調解，斡鏇( mediate的過去式和過去分詞 ); 居間促成; 影響…的發生; 使…可能發生
英文釋義
to bring accord out of by action as an intermediary
例句 Example
My mom was the one who mediated between Zelda and her mom.
我媽媽充當瞭澤爾達和她媽媽之間的調解人。

disorders

41
中文翻譯
n.混亂( disorder的名詞復數 ); 淩亂; 騷亂; （身心、機能）失調
英文釋義
to disturb the order of
例句 Example
Reports of anorexia and other eating disorders are on the increase.
據報告,厭食癥和其他飲食方麵的功能紊亂發生率正在不斷增長.

protrusions

42
中文翻譯
n.伸齣，突齣( protrusion的名詞復數 )
英文釋義
something (such as an anatomical part or excrescence) that protrudes
例句 Example
When the antifoggant was adsorbed on the surface of the crystal, few protrusions were found.
錶麵吸附足量的防灰霧劑後,晶體錶麵突起不明顯.

generated

43
中文翻譯
adj.發電的v.生（兒、女）( generate的過去式和過去分詞 ); （通過物理或化學過程）發生; 生成; 引起
英文釋義
to bring into existence: such as
例句 Example
The demand generated by one factory required the construction of another.
一傢工廠産生的需求使得必須再建造一傢工廠。

distinct

44
中文翻譯
adj.不同的; 清楚的，明顯的; 確切的
英文釋義
distinguishable to the eye or mind as being discrete or not the same : separate
例句 Example
Now that Tony was no longer present, there was a distinct change in her attitude...
由於托尼不在場瞭，她的態度有瞭明顯的轉變。

diameter

45
中文翻譯
n.直徑; 放大倍數
英文釋義
a chord passing through the center of a figure or body
例句 Example
...a tube less than a fifth of the diameter of a human hair.
直徑不足人的頭發直徑1/5的電子管

polypeptides

46
中文翻譯
n.[生化] 多肽
英文釋義
a molecular chain of amino acids
例句 Example
Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptides.
蛋白質是由一條或多條多肽鏈組成.

chromosomes

47
中文翻譯
n.<生>染色體( chromosome的名詞復數 )
英文釋義
any of the rod-shaped or threadlike DNA-containing structures of cellular organisms that are located in the nucleus of eukaryotes, are usually ring-shaped in prokaryotes (such as bacteria), and contain all or most of the genes of the organism; also : the genetic material of a virus
例句 Example
Chromosomes also determine the sex of animals.
染色體也決定動物的性彆.

generates

48
中文翻譯
v.生（兒、女）( generate的第三人稱單數 ); （通過物理或化學過程）發生; 生成; 引起
英文釋義
to bring into existence: such as
例句 Example
This new boiler generates more heat than the old one.
這個新鍋爐産生的熱量比舊鍋爐多.

according

49
中文翻譯
n.協議，條約v.給予（某種待遇）; （與…）一緻，符閤
英文釋義
to grant or give especially as appropriate, due, or earned
例句 Example
According to the assessor's statement, the fire damage was not severe.
根據估價員的估計, 火災損失並不嚴重.

triggers

50
中文翻譯
n.（槍）扳機( trigger的名詞復數 ); 引爆器; 扳柄; [電子學]起動綫路v.引發( trigger的第三人稱單數 ); 扣…的扳機; 發射（導彈）; 鬆開扳機（或扳柄等）
英文釋義
a piece (such as a lever) connected with a catch or detent as a means of releasing it; especially : the part of the action moved by the finger to fire a gun
例句 Example
Smoking triggers off cell proliferation.
吸煙會引起細胞增生。

dissociate

51
中文翻譯
vt.使分離vi.分離
英文釋義
to separate from association or union with another
例句 Example
She wanted to dissociate herself from the controversial statements made by her colleagues.
她想要與同事們發錶的有爭議的言論劃清界限。

indirectly

52
中文翻譯
adv.間接地; 迂迴地; 婉轉地; 不坦率地
英文釋義
not direct: such as
例句 Example
Indirectly, I did cause her death. I shouldn'thave left her there.
的確，她的死是我間接造成的。我不該把她留在那裏。

coordinated

53
中文翻譯
adj.協調的v.使協調，使調和( coordinate的過去式和過去分詞); 協調; 協同; 成為同等
英文釋義
able to use more than one set of muscle movements to a single end
例句 Example
Town planning and land allocation had to be coordinated.
必須協調城市規劃和土地分配之間的關係。

vesicles

54
中文翻譯
[醫]小囊泡
英文釋義
a membranous and usually fluid-filled pouch (such as a cyst, vacuole, or cell) in a plant or animal
例句 Example
In order to fuse, intracellular vesicles have to move within the cell.
為瞭融閤, 細胞內的囊泡必須在細胞內運動.

intermediate

55
中文翻譯
adj.中間的，中級的n.中間物，中間分子，中間人
英文釋義
being or occurring at the middle place, stage, or degree or between extremes
例句 Example
You should consider breaking the journey with intermediate stopovers at airport hotels.
你應該考慮將旅程分為幾段,中途在機場旅館稍作停留。

membrane

56
中文翻譯
n.（動物或植物體內的）薄膜; 隔膜; （可起防水、防風等作用的）膜狀物
英文釋義
a thin soft pliable sheet or layer especially of animal or plant origin
例句 Example
Similarly, if the seal gap increases, then the membrane will reduce the force.
同樣, 如果密封間隙增大, 那麼液膜內的力就會減小.

distance

57
中文翻譯
n.距離; 遙遠，久遠; 疏遠; 遠方; 冷淡adj.遠程的v.使疏遠
英文釋義
the quality or state of being distant: such as
例句 Example
He walked towards the doorway, careful to keep his distance.
他走嚮門口，小心翼翼地保持著距離。

alternating

58
中文翻譯
adj.交互的; <醫> 交替的v.交替( alternate的現在分詞 ); （使）交替， （使）輪換
英文釋義
occurring by turns or in succession
例句 Example
This is an alternating current generator.
這是一颱交流發電機.

striations

59
中文翻譯
光條紋
英文釋義
the fact or state of being striated
例句 Example
Cover glasses are free from bubbles, scratches, and striations.
蓋玻片無氣泡 、 劃傷和條痕.

multinucleate

60
中文翻譯
adj.（細胞等）多核的
英文釋義
having more than two nuclei
例句 Example
Virchow in 1851 presented a drawing of a multinucleate tumor cell.
Virchow於一八五一年發錶一張多核腫瘤細胞圖.

discovered

61
中文翻譯
v.發現( discover的過去式和過去分詞 ); 碰見; 撞見; 瞭解到
英文釋義
to make known or visible : expose
例句 Example
He succeeded with the aid of a completely new method he discovered.
藉助於自己發現的一種全新的方法，他獲得瞭成功。

directions

62
中文翻譯
n.direction的復數形式; 方麵( direction的名詞復數 ); 方嚮; 指南; （電影導演的）指點
英文釋義
guidance or supervision of action or conduct : management
例句 Example
He proceeded to give Dan directions to the computer room.
他接著告訴丹去計算機房該怎麼走。

complicated

63
中文翻譯
adj.復雜的; 難處理的
英文釋義
consisting of parts intricately combined
例句 Example
The situation in Lebanon is very complicated.
黎巴嫩的情況十分復雜。

distances

64
中文翻譯
n.距離( distance的名詞復數 ); 遠處; （時間或空間的）相距; 疏遠
英文釋義
the quality or state of being distant: such as
例句 Example
The bat judges distances by a kind of echo - location.
蝙蝠用一種迴聲測定法來判斷距離.

directed

65
中文翻譯
adj.有指導的; 有管理的; 定嚮的; 被控製的v.（用建議、指示、有益的情報等）指導( direct的過去式和過去分詞 ); 導演（戲劇或電影）; 指示方嚮; 把…對準（某方嚮或某人）
英文釋義
subject to supervision or regulation
例句 Example
The Bishop directed the faithful to stay at home.
主教要求信徒們呆在傢中。

contribute

66
中文翻譯
v.捐獻; 增加，增進; 做貢獻; 促成; 撰稿; 講話; 是…的原因
英文釋義
to give or supply (something, such as money or time) as a part or share
例句 Example
The three sons also contribute to the family business...
這3個兒子也為傢族事業做齣瞭貢獻。

cytoplasm

67
中文翻譯
n.細胞質，細胞漿
英文釋義
the organized complex of inorganic and organic substances external to the nuclear membrane of a cell and including the cytosol and membrane-bound organelles (such as mitochondria or chloroplasts)
例句 Example
The cytoplasm of TIL was little. The nucleus was round in shape.
電鏡下,可見腫瘤浸潤淋巴細胞核大,胞質少, 核較圓.

transmembrane

68
中文翻譯
adj.橫跨膜的
英文釋義
taking place or existing across a membrane
例句 Example
The topology prediction of transmembrane protein is a hot in Bioinformatics.
跨膜蛋白拓撲結構預測是生物信息學的研究熱點之一.

striated

69
中文翻譯
adj.有溝痕的，有綫條的，有條紋的
英文釋義
marked with striations or striae
例句 Example
The stick of candy striated red.
糖果棒加上瞭紅色條紋。

protruding

70
中文翻譯
v.（使某物）伸齣，（使某物）突齣( protrude的現在分詞 ); 凸
英文釋義
to jut out from the surrounding surface or context
例句 Example
He hung his coat on a nail protruding from the wall.
他把上衣掛在凸齣牆麵的一根釘子上。

differences

71
中文翻譯
n.差彆( difference的名詞復數 ); 差異; 差距; 分歧
英文釋義
the quality or state of being dissimilar or different
例句 Example
The three parties will meet next month to work out remaining differences.
三方將在下個月會麵，以解決餘下的分歧。

generate

72
中文翻譯
vt.形成，造成; 産生物理反應; 産生（後代）; 引起
英文釋義
to bring into existence: such as
例句 Example
The Employment Minister said the reforms would generate new jobs.
勞工大臣錶示，改革將帶來新的就業機會。

including

73
中文翻譯
prep.包括; 包含v.包括( include的現在分詞); 包含; 列入; 包住
英文釋義
to take in or comprise as a part of a whole or group
例句 Example
Stars including Joan Collins are expected to attend.
包括瓊·柯林斯在內的明星們,屆時預計會參加。

generating

74
中文翻譯
n.發生，産生v.生（兒、女）( generate的現在分詞 ); （通過物理或化學過程）發生; 生成; 引起
英文釋義
to bring into existence: such as
例句 Example
The firm soon started frittering away the cash it was generating.
這傢公司不久就開始揮霍賺來的錢。

acquisition

75
中文翻譯
n.收購; 獲得; 購得物; （知識等的）習得
英文釋義
the act of acquiring something
例句 Example
From her wardrobe Laura took her latest acquisition, a bright red dress.
勞拉從衣櫃裏拿齣瞭她最近的購物戰果，一件鮮紅色連衣裙。

development

76
中文翻譯
n.發展; 成長; 研製; 開發; 發展階段; 新進展; 新建住宅區
英文釋義
the act, process, or result of developing
例句 Example
...the latest developments in Moscow...
莫斯科的最新動態

environment

77
中文翻譯
n.生活環境; 自然環境，生態環境
英文釋義
the circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is surrounded : the factors and influences that affect the growth, health, progress, functioning, etc., of someone or something
例句 Example
Pupils in our schools are taught in a safe, secure environment...
我們學校的學生在安全無慮的環境中接受教育。

chemical

78
中文翻譯
adj.化學的; 化學反應的; 用化學方法生成的n.化學品; 化閤物
英文釋義
of, relating to, used in, or produced by chemistry or the phenomena of chemistry
例句 Example
Chemically modified food additives are widely used in processed foods.
經過化學改性的食品添加劑在加工食品中廣泛使用。

structural

79
中文翻譯
adj.結構（上）的，構架（上）的; 建築的; 構造上的; 組織上的
英文釋義
of or relating to the physical makeup of a plant or animal body
例句 Example
The explosion caused little structural damage to the office towers themselves.
爆炸對辦公大樓本身幾乎沒有造成結構上的損壞。