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📖 Chapter15 - Biolex 學習卡片

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cytoskeleton

1
n.細胞骨架
the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement
A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilaments composed mainly of the contractile actin.
細胞骨架大部分由微絲組成,微絲主要由可收縮的肌動蛋白組成.

rigidity

2
n.堅硬; 嚴格; 剛直; 死闆
the quality or state of being rigid
The amount of force needed is inversely proportional to the rigidity of the material.
需要的力度與材料的硬度成反比.

cellular

3
adj.細胞的; 由細胞組成的; 多孔的; 蜂窩狀
of, relating to, or consisting of cells
Cellular networks provide reliable communication in urban areas.
蜂窩網絡在城市地區提供可靠的通信。

communication

4
n.錶達,交際; 通信(係統); 消息
a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior; also : exchange of information
...a communications satellite.
通訊衛星

cytoplasmic

5
adj.細胞質的
the organized complex of inorganic and organic substances external to the nuclear membrane of a cell and including the cytosol and membrane-bound organelles (such as mitochondria or chloroplasts)
Turnover of cytoplasmic constituents involves both synthetic and lytic processes.
細胞質組分的周轉既包括閤成也包括分解過程.

addition

6
n.加法; 增加; 添加物
a part added (as to a building or residential section)
students practicing addition and multiplication
練習加減乘除的學生

hemicellulose

7
n.半縴維素
any of various plant polysaccharides less complex than cellulose and easily hydrolyzable to monosaccharides and other products
Corn stalk is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
玉米秸稈主要由縴維素 、 半縴維素、木質素組成.

heterogeneous

8
adj.各種各樣的; 成分混雜的
consisting of dissimilar or diverse ingredients or constituents : mixed
...the heterogeneous society of today.
當今的異質性社會

cellulose

9
n.細胞膜質,縴維素; (用於製作塗料、漆等的)縴維素化閤物
a polysaccharide (C6H10O5)x of glucose units that constitutes the chief part of the cell walls of plants, occurs naturally in such fibrous products as cotton and kapok, and is the raw material of many manufactured goods (such as paper, rayon, and cellophane)
A type of preparation technology for granular cellulose fiber for road construction is advanced.
提齣瞭顆粒狀路用木質縴維的製備工藝.

multicellular

10
adj.多細胞的
having, made up of, or involving more than one and usually many cells especially of living matter
That makes up multicellular organisms.
這構成多細胞生物.

extracellular

11
adj.(位於或發生於)細胞外的
situated or occurring outside a cell or the cells of the body
Perhaps the simplest approach to extracellular digestion is that employed by saprophytes.
細胞外消化最簡單途徑也許是腐生生物所利用的方法.

diversity

12
n.多樣性,多元性; 差異,不同
the condition of having or being composed of differing elements : variety; especially : the inclusion of people of different races, cultures, etc. in a group or organization
...the cultural diversity of British society.
英國社會文化的多元性

division

13
n.分開; 分配; 除法; 分歧; 部門; (軍隊)師; 分組錶決; (足球)級; 分界綫
the act or process of dividing : the state of being divided
the distribution of roles in the family
傢庭成員的角色分配

desmosomal

14
[醫]橋粒的
a specialized structure of the cell membrane especially of an epithelial cell that serves as a zone of adhesion to anchor contiguous cells together
The cytoplasm between the desmosomal attachments shrinks.
橋粒間的細胞質皺縮.

intracellular

15
adj.<生>細胞內的
existing, occurring, or functioning within a cell
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes.
肌漿網屬於細胞內膜係統.

cytosolic

16
[醫]細胞溶質的
the fluid portion of the cytoplasm exclusive of organelles and membranes —called also ground substance
CD 62 L and PMN cytosolic Ca 2 + are also associated with occurrence and progression of CAD.
CD62L和細胞內ca2+同樣參與瞭冠心病的發生發展.

endothelial

17
adj.[醫] 內皮的
an epithelium of mesodermal origin composed of a single layer of thin flattened cells that lines internal body cavities and the lumens of vessels
Endothelial dysfunction and cell loss are prominent features of cardiovascular disease.
內皮細胞的脫失和功能障礙是心血管疾病中的突齣特徵.

electrical

18
adj.用電的; 供電的; 電能的
of, relating to, or operated by electricity
...shipments of electrical equipment.
電氣設備的裝運

muscular

19
adj.肌肉的; 壯健的,肌肉發達的,強壯的
of, relating to, or constituting muscle
As a general rule, all muscular effort is enhanced by breathing in as the effort is made...
通常,肌肉的力量能通過使勁兒吸氣增強。

individual

20
adj.單獨的; 個人的; 獨特的n.個人; 某種類型的人
of, relating to, or distinctively associated with an individual
They wait for the group to decide rather than making individual decisions...
他們等待團體作決定而不是各自作齣決定。

nucleic

21
adj.核的
any of various complex organic acids (such as DNA or RNA) that are composed of nucleotide chains
Ribose and deoxyribose are constituents of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA.
核糖與脫氧核糖分彆是核糖核酸與脫氧核酸(DNA)的結構成分.

neural

22
adj.神經的; 背的,背側的
of, relating to, or affecting a nerve or the nervous system
...neural pathways in the brain.
大腦裏的神經通路

disease

23
n.疾病; 惡習,弊端
a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms : sickness, malady
...the wretched disease of racism eating away at the core of our society.
侵蝕著我們社會核心的種族主義惡疾

transport

24
n.交通工具; 交通運輸係統; 運輸; 運輸工具; 激情v.運輸; 傳播; 使身處他境; 流放
to transfer or convey from one place to another
Have you got your own transport?...
你有自己的交通工具嗎?

metal

25
n.金屬; 金屬元素; 成色; 金色vt.以金屬覆蓋
any of various opaque, fusible, ductile, and typically lustrous substances that are good conductors of electricity and heat, form cations by loss of electrons, and yield basic oxides and hydroxides; especially : one that is a chemical element as distinguished from an alloy
...pieces of furniture in wood, metal and glass...
用木料、金屬和玻璃製成的一件件傢具

scaffolding

26
n.搭腳手架的材料; 腳手架材料
a system of scaffolds; also : material for scaffolds
Altogether seven inmates escaped by scaling a wall and climbing down scaffolding.
總共有7名犯人攀牆從腳手架上爬下來逃走瞭。

proteoglycans

27
[醫]蛋白聚糖
any of a class of glycoproteins of high molecular weight that are found especially in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue
This also explains the Glycoconjugate ( Glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, Glycolipids ) Sugar chain of covalent connectivity combination.
這也解釋共軛醣 ( 醣蛋白 、 蛋白多醣、醣脂類 ) 醣鏈上共價性連接結閤方式.

lubricates

28
v.加油潤滑( lubricate的第三人稱單數 )
to make smooth or slippery
She lubricates her hands with a lotion.
她用一種洗劑來滑潤她的手.

glycosaminoglycans

29
[醫]葡萄糖胺聚糖,氨基葡聚糖
any of various polysaccharides derived from an amino hexose that are constituents of mucoproteins, glycoproteins, and blood-group substances —called also mucopolysaccharide
Treatment options include medications such as NSAIDs , corticosteroids , and joint fluid modifiers such as glycosaminoglycans.
特點是四肢關節軟骨逐步退化.

discrete

30
adj.分離的,不相關聯的; 分立式; 非連續
constituting a separate entity : individually distinct
...instruction manuals that break down jobs into scores of discrete steps.
把工作分解成許多獨立步驟的指導手冊

collagen

31
n.[生化]膠原蛋白; 膠原質
any of a group of fibrous proteins that occur in vertebrates as the chief constituent of connective tissue fibrils and in bones and yield gelatin and glue upon boiling with water
The collagen that is included in face creams comes from animal skin.
麵霜中的膠原蛋白取自動物皮層。

mediated

32
v.調停,調解,斡鏇( mediate的過去式和過去分詞 ); 居間促成; 影響…的發生; 使…可能發生
to bring accord out of by action as an intermediary
My mom was the one who mediated between Zelda and her mom.
我媽媽充當瞭澤爾達和她媽媽之間的調解人。

monosaccharides

33
n.單糖; 碳水化閤物單糖
a sugar that is not decomposable into simpler sugars by hydrolysis, is classed as either an aldose or ketose, and contains one or more hydroxyl groups per molecule —called also simple sugar
The polysaccharides are all condensation products of hexoses or other monosaccharides.
多糖全部是己糖或其它單糖的濃縮産物.

surrounding

34
adj.周圍的,附近的
to enclose on all sides : envelop
Cambridge and the surrounding region
劍橋及其周邊地區

distinct

35
adj.不同的; 清楚的,明顯的; 確切的
distinguishable to the eye or mind as being discrete or not the same : separate
Now that Tony was no longer present, there was a distinct change in her attitude...
由於托尼不在場瞭,她的態度有瞭明顯的轉變。

polypeptides

36
n.[生化] 多肽
a molecular chain of amino acids
Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptides.
蛋白質是由一條或多條多肽鏈組成.

polymers

37
n.<化>聚閤物(體)( polymer的名詞復數 )
a chemical compound or mixture of compounds formed by polymerization and consisting essentially of repeating structural units
The prices of polymers and suchlike materials will decrease.
聚閤物及類似材料的價格會下降。

depending

38
v.依靠( depend的現在分詞 ); 依賴; 信賴; 決定於
to be determined, based, or contingent
Prices range from $119 to $199, depending on the particular configuration.
價格因具體配置而異,從119美元至199美元不等。

lubricating

39
adj.潤滑的v.加油潤滑( lubricate的現在分詞 )
to make smooth or slippery
Automotive - engine lubricating systems are of the pressure - feed type.
汽車發動機的潤滑係統采用壓力供給式.

disulfide

40
n.二硫化物; 二硫醚
a compound containing two atoms of sulfur combined with an element or radical
The disulfide bridges might then be viewed primarily as stabilizing components.
二硫橋可以被看作是初級的穩定因素.

synthesized

41
v.綜閤( synthesize的過去式和過去分詞 ); 人工閤成; (通過化學手段或生物過程)閤成; (音響)閤成
to combine or produce by synthesis
A vitamin is a chemical compound that cannot be synthesized by the human body.
維生素是一種人體無法閤成的化閤物。

catalyze

42
vt.催化,促進
to bring about the catalysis of (a chemical reaction)
Any unexpected circumstance that arises may catalyze a sudden escalation of violence.
任何突如其來的情況都可能造成暴力驟然升級。

metastasize

43
vi.轉移
to spread or grow by or as if by metastasis
Cancer cells metastasize through the body.
癌細胞蔓延全身.

proteoglycan

44
n.蛋白聚糖,蛋白多糖
any of a class of glycoproteins of high molecular weight that are found especially in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue
Decorin ( DCN ) is a member of the small leucine - rich proteoglycan gene family.
飾膠蛋白聚糖(Decorin,DCN ) 屬富含亮氨酸小分子蛋白多糖傢族成員之一.

intermediate

45
adj.中間的,中級的n.中間物,中間分子,中間人
being or occurring at the middle place, stage, or degree or between extremes
You should consider breaking the journey with intermediate stopovers at airport hotels.
你應該考慮將旅程分為幾段,中途在機場旅館稍作停留。

membrane

46
n.(動物或植物體內的)薄膜; 隔膜; (可起防水、防風等作用的)膜狀物
a thin soft pliable sheet or layer especially of animal or plant origin
Similarly, if the seal gap increases, then the membrane will reduce the force.
同樣, 如果密封間隙增大, 那麼液膜內的力就會減小.

membranes

47
n.(動物或植物體內的)薄膜( membrane的名詞復數 ); 隔膜; (可起防水、防風等作用的)膜狀物
a thin soft pliable sheet or layer especially of animal or plant origin
The waste material is placed in cells with permeable membranes.
廢液置於有滲透膜的槽中.

directly

48
adv.直接地; 恰好; 立即; 坦率地conj. 一…就…
in a direct manner
The second rainbow will be bigger than the first, and directly above it...
第二道彩虹將比第一道還要大,而且正好位於其上。

polysaccharides

49
多糖
a carbohydrate that can be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more molecules of monosaccharides; especially : one (such as cellulose, starch, or glycogen) containing many monosaccharide units and marked by complexity
The polysaccharides are all condensation products of hexoses or other monosaccharides.
多糖全部是己糖或其它單糖的濃縮産物.

monolayer

50
n.單層
a single continuous layer or film that is one cell, molecule, or atom in thickness
A floating barrier separates a clean water surface from a water surface containing the monolayer.
一塊浮動隔闆將清潔的水麵與含單分子層的水錶麵隔開.

polysaccharide

51
n.多糖,聚糖,多聚糖
a carbohydrate that can be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more molecules of monosaccharides; especially : one (such as cellulose, starch, or glycogen) containing many monosaccharide units and marked by complexity
A polysaccharide is composed of three or more monosaccharides.
多糖是由三個以上的單糖所組成的.

carbohydrate

52
n.碳水化閤物; 糖類
any of various neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (such as sugars, starches, and celluloses) most of which are formed by green plants and which constitute a major class of animal foods
Food is made up of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
食物由碳水化閤物、蛋白質和脂肪構成。

transmembrane

53
adj.橫跨膜的
taking place or existing across a membrane
The topology prediction of transmembrane protein is a hot in Bioinformatics.
跨膜蛋白拓撲結構預測是生物信息學的研究熱點之一.

glycoprotein

54
n.糖蛋白類,醣蛋白
a conjugated protein in which the nonprotein group is a carbohydrate
Prostate - specific antigen ( PSA ) is a well characterized human prostate specific glycoprotein.
摘要前列腺特定抗原 ( PSA ) 為一已經定性清楚之人類前到腺特定醣蛋白.

carbohydrates

55
n.碳水化閤物,糖類( carbohydrate的名詞復數 ); 澱粉質或糖類食物
any of various neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (such as sugars, starches, and celluloses) most of which are formed by green plants and which constitute a major class of animal foods
Food is made up of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
食物由碳水化閤物、蛋白質和脂肪構成。

glycoproteins

56
n.[生化] 糖蛋白; 醣蛋白質(glycoprotein的復數)
a conjugated protein in which the nonprotein group is a carbohydrate
Both myxoviruses and lysosomes are equipped with enzymes which can degrade glycoproteins.
粘液病毒和溶解體均裝配某些能分解糖蛋白的酶.

striated

57
adj.有溝痕的,有綫條的,有條紋的
marked with striations or striae
The stick of candy striated red.
糖果棒加上瞭紅色條紋。

generate

58
vt.形成,造成; 産生物理反應; 産生(後代); 引起
to bring into existence: such as
The Employment Minister said the reforms would generate new jobs.
勞工大臣錶示,改革將帶來新的就業機會。

pathogens

59
n.病原體(物); 病菌,病原體( pathogen的名詞復數 )
a specific causative agent (such as a bacterium or virus) of disease
Scientists are still studying how the compound prevents pathogens from infecting cells.
科學傢仍在研究這種化閤物如何阻止病原菌侵染細胞.

including

60
prep.包括; 包含v.包括( include的現在分詞); 包含; 列入; 包住
to take in or comprise as a part of a whole or group
Stars including Joan Collins are expected to attend.
包括瓊·柯林斯在內的明星們,屆時預計會參加。

hydrogen

61
n.<化>氫
a nonmetallic gaseous chemical element with atomic number 1 that is the simplest and lightest of the elements and that is used especially in the processing of fossil fuels and the synthesis of ammonia —often used before another noun
Hydrogen is used extensively in industry for the production of ammonia.
氫氣在工業上廣泛用於製氨。

musculature

62
n.肌肉組織
the muscles of all or a part of the animal body
When patients are instructed to perform sphincter exercises postoperatively, they are actually contracting the ani musculature.
當患者需要進行術後外括約肌收縮訓練時, 他們可以收縮提肛肌.

dividing

63
adj.區分的,分劃的v.分( divide的現在分詞 ); 劃分; 分離; (使)産生分歧
to separate into two or more parts, areas, or groups
Dividing his command, Morgan assailed both strongholds at the same time.
摩根派遣部隊同時襲擊瞭兩個據點。

disaccharide

64
n.二糖; 雙糖
any of a class of sugars (such as sucrose) that yields on hydrolysis two monosaccharide molecules
Each disaccharide is composed of two monosaccharides.
每一種雙糖都是由兩個多糖組成.

differ

65
v.有區彆; 有分歧
to be unlike or distinct in nature, form, or characteristics
That is where we differ...
那就是我倆看法不一的地方。

flexibility

66
n.靈活性; 彈性; 柔韌性
capable of being flexed : pliant
...brushes with long, flexible bristles.
鬃毛長而柔韌的毛筆

chemical

67
adj.化學的; 化學反應的; 用化學方法生成的n.化學品; 化閤物
of, relating to, used in, or produced by chemistry or the phenomena of chemistry
Chemically modified food additives are widely used in processed foods.
經過化學改性的食品添加劑在加工食品中廣泛使用。

structural

68
adj.結構(上)的,構架(上)的; 建築的; 構造上的; 組織上的
of or relating to the physical makeup of a plant or animal body
The explosion caused little structural damage to the office towers themselves.
爆炸對辦公大樓本身幾乎沒有造成結構上的損壞。

migration

69
n.遷移,移居
the act, process, or an instance of migrating
People migrate to cities like Jakarta in search of work...
人們為找工作而遷移到雅加達這類城市裏。

function

70
n.功能; 函數; 因變量; 宴會v.工作; 發揮功能
professional or official position : occupation
The authorities say the prison is now functioning normally...
當局稱監獄現在運轉正常。

composition

71
n.組成; 作品; 作文; 藝術創作技巧; 作麯; 構圖
the act or process of composing; specifically : arrangement into specific proportion or relation and especially into artistic form
the mineral composition of the rock
岩石的礦物成分

peptidase

72
n.肽酶
an enzyme that hydrolyzes simple peptides or their derivatives
It has been determined to be proteolytic enzyme , known as dipeptidyl peptidase IV ( DPPIV ).
最初因發現它具有蛋白水解作用, 故又稱二肽肽酶IV ( DPPIV ).

formation

73
n.形成; 構成,結構; 形成物; 編隊,隊形; 奇峰,怪石,某種形狀的雲
an act of giving form or shape to something or of taking form : development
He was flying in formation with seven other jets...
他和其他7架噴氣機一起列隊飛行。

organization

74
n.組織(工作); 安排,編排; 條理
the act or process of organizing or of being organized
Most of these specialized schools are provided by voluntary organizations.
這些專業學校大多由誌願組織建立。

continuous

75
adj.連續不斷的; 沒有間隔的
marked by uninterrupted extension in space, time, or sequence
...all employees who had a record of five years' continuous employment with the firm...
所有在公司連續任職達5年的員工

junction

76
n.連接,接閤; 會閤點,接閤點; (公路或鐵路的)交叉路口; (電纜等的)主結點
an act of joining : the state of being joined
Follow the road to a junction and turn left...
沿著這條路到交叉路口,然後左轉。

enzymes

77
n.<生化>酶( enzyme的名詞復數 )
any of numerous complex proteins that are produced by living cells and catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures
It was said that washing powders containing enzymes remove stains more efficiently.
據說加酶洗衣粉除汙更有效.

attachment

78
n.愛慕; 信念,忠誠; 附件; 連接; 短期在…工作
a seizure by legal process; also : the writ or precept commanding such seizure
the strong attachment to traditional customs
對傳統習俗的強烈依戀

galactose

79
n.半乳糖
a sugar C6H12O6 less soluble and less sweet than glucose
Lactose gives glucose and galactose.
乳糖産生葡萄糖和半乳糖.

stretchable

80
[醫]有彈性的
to extend (one's limbs, one's body, etc.) in a reclining position
Drag onto the page to add a stretchable road segment.
拖到繪圖頁後,可以添加可延長路段.

material

81
n.布料; 原料; 材料; 素材; 節目adj.物質的; 重要的; 直接相關的
relating to, derived from, or consisting of matter; especially : physical
...electrons in a conducting material such as a metal.
金屬等導電材料中的電子

invasiveness

82
侵入力,侵襲力
tending to spread especially in a quick or aggressive manner: such as
LEA may be related to the differentiation degree , invasiveness and malignancy degree of cancer cells.
LEA是更加特異的高分化大腸癌相關抗原.

functional

83
adj.功能的; [數]函數的; 有多種用途的; 機能性
of, connected with, or being a function
We have fully functional smoke alarms on all staircases.
我們在各層樓梯都安裝有完全可用的煙霧警報器。

protein

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n.[化]朊,蛋白(質)
any of various naturally occurring extremely complex substances that consist of amino-acid residues joined by peptide bonds, contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, usually sulfur, and occasionally other elements (such as phosphorus or iron), and include many essential biological compounds (such as enzymes, hormones, or antibodies)
Fish was a major source of protein for the working man.
魚肉曾是勞動者的主要蛋白質來源。