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📖 Chapter16

61
總詞彙
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codon

1
中文翻譯
n.密碼子，基碼
英文釋義
a specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis —called also triplet
例句 Example
Because of this coding relationship, triplet of bases is called a codon.
由於這種編碼關係, 堿基的三聯體被稱為密碼子.

acid

2
中文翻譯
n.酸adj.酸（性）的; 尖酸的，刻薄的
英文釋義
a sour substance; specifically : any of various typically water-soluble and sour compounds that in solution are capable of reacting with a base to form a salt, redden litmus, and have a pH less than 7, that are hydrogen-containing molecules or ions able to give up a proton to a base, or that are substances able to accept an unshared pair of electrons from a base
例句 Example
Rye is tolerant of poor, acid soils.
黑麥耐貧瘠的酸性土壤。

mutation

3
中文翻譯
n.變化; 轉變; 突變; 變異
英文釋義
a significant and basic alteration : change
例句 Example
cells affected by mutation
受到突變影響的細胞

suppressor

4
中文翻譯
n.鎮壓者，抑製物，乾擾抑製器
英文釋義
one that suppresses; especially : a mutant gene that suppresses the expression of another nonallelic mutant gene when both are present
例句 Example
Surge suppressor and low - order harmonic filter can improve power supply quality.
摘要利用浪湧抑製器和低次諧波濾波裝置,可有效改善供電質量.

sequence

5
中文翻譯
n.[數]數列，序列; 順序; 連續; 片斷插麯vt.使按順序排列，安排順序; [生化]確定…的順序，確定…的化學結構序列
英文釋義
a hymn in irregular meter between the gradual and Gospel in masses for special occasions (such as Easter)
例句 Example
He described the sequence of events leading up to the robbery.
他描述瞭搶劫案發生前的一係列有關情況。

cod

6
中文翻譯
n.鱈魚; 鱈魚肉; 袋，包; 陰囊adj.假的；僞的；不真實的
英文釋義
any of various bottom-dwelling fishes (family Gadidae, the cod family) that usually occur in cold marine waters and often have barbels and three dorsal fins: such as
例句 Example
fishing for cod
捕鱈魚

wobble

7
中文翻譯
vt.& vi.<使>晃動; <使>搖擺不定; 顫動n.搖動，晃動; 不穩定
英文釋義
to move or proceed with an irregular rocking or staggering motion or unsteadily and clumsily from side to side
例句 Example
This chair wobbles.
這把椅子不穩。

suppression

8
中文翻譯
n.壓製; 鎮壓; 禁止; 抑製
英文釋義
an act or instance of suppressing : the state of being suppressed
例句 Example
the suppression of a rebellion
對反叛的鎮壓

nucleotide

9
中文翻譯
n.<生化>核苷酸
英文釋義
any of several compounds that consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar joined to a purine or pyrimidine base and to a phosphate group and that are the basic structural units of nucleic acids (such as RNA and DNA)
例句 Example
The holoenzyme recognizes specific nucleotide sequences on the DNA duplex ( promoters ).
全酶還能識彆DNA雙鏈分子上的特定核苷酸序列 ( 起動基因 ).

assignment

10
中文翻譯
n.作業，任務; 分配
英文釋義
the act of assigning something
例句 Example
his assignment to other duties in the same company
他在同一公司內擔任的其他職務

copolymer

11
中文翻譯
n.共聚物; 共多聚體
英文釋義
a product of copolymerization
例句 Example
Copolymer is where chemical combination exists in the main chain between two polymers.
共聚是兩種高聚物主鏈間的化學鍵聯接.

alter

12
中文翻譯
v.改變; 變更，更改
英文釋義
to make different without changing into something else
例句 Example
Prices did not alter significantly during 2004.
2004年期間，價格沒有大的變化。

gene

13
中文翻譯
n.基因
英文釋義
a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located usually on a chromosome and that is the functional unit of inheritance controlling the transmission and expression of one or more traits by specifying the structure of a particular polypeptide and especially a protein or controlling the function of other genetic material
例句 Example
a dominant/recessive gene
顯性 / 隱性基因

contain

14
中文翻譯
v.裝有; 包含; 遏製; 控製; 剋製
英文釋義
to keep within limits: such as
例句 Example
This drink doesn't contain any alcohol.
這種飲料不含任何酒精。

missense

15
中文翻譯
n.& adj.錯義（的）
英文釋義
relating to or being a gene mutation involving alteration of one or more codons so that different amino acids are determined
例句 Example
Both frameshift and missense mutations can be suppressed by intragenic suppressors.
移碼突變和異義突變都能被基因內抑製基因所抑製.

leucine

16
中文翻譯
n.<生化>白氨酸，亮氨酸
英文釋義
a white crystalline essential amino acid C6H13NO2 that is obtained by the hydrolysis of dietary protein (as of eggs, soy, or fish) and plays an important role in various physiological functions (as the regulation of insulin secretion and stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle)
例句 Example
Cottonseed meal is deficient in lysine, methionine and leucine.
?澍宸廴狽?蛋彼幔0蛋氨酸和亮氨酸.

inosine

17
中文翻譯
n.次黃（嘌呤核）苷，肌苷
英文釋義
a nucleoside C10H12N4O5 that is composed of hypoxanthine and ribose, that in the form of its monophosphate is a biosynthetic precursor of both AMP and its guanosine analog, and that binds to adenine, cytosine, or uracil especially in some transfer RNAs
例句 Example
The quantitative determination of inosine inosinic acid was conducted by High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC ).
本試驗改進瞭肌肉中肌苷酸測定的 高效液相色譜 法.

trinucleotide

18
中文翻譯
n.三核苷酸，密碼子
英文釋義
a nucleotide consisting of three mononucleotides in combination : codon
例句 Example
Expansion of trinucleotide repeats represents an important type of pathogenic mutations.
三核苷酸重復的延展突變是導緻遺傳病的重要機製之一.

repeat

19
中文翻譯
v.重復; 復述; 反復說; 重復做; 重復發生; 留有餘味n.再次發生; 重播; 重復部分adj.迴頭客的
英文釋義
to say or state again
例句 Example
to repeat a question
重復一遍問題

mitochondrial

20
中文翻譯
綫粒體的
英文釋義
any of various round or long cellular organelles of most eukaryotes that are found outside the nucleus, produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration, and are rich in fats, proteins, and enzymes
例句 Example
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can cause a wide range of disorders.
綫粒體DNA突變,可以引發多種病變.

terminate

21
中文翻譯
vt.& vi.結束; 使終結; 解雇; 到達終點站
英文釋義
to form an ending
例句 Example
Your contract of employment terminates in December.
你的聘約十二月份到期。

glutamine

22
中文翻譯
n.榖氨酰胺
英文釋義
a crystalline amino acid C5H10N2O3 that is found both free and in proteins in plants and animals and that yields glutamic acid and ammonia on hydrolysis
例句 Example
The amide nitrogen of glutamine or asparagine functions more effectively than ammonia.
榖酰胺或天門鼕酰胺的酰胺氮作用較氨更有效.

frameshift

23
中文翻譯
adj.移碼的; 框移
英文釋義
relating to, being, or causing a mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is inserted or deleted so as to change the reading frame of some triplet codons during genetic translation
例句 Example
Both frameshift and missense mutations can be suppressed by intragenic suppressors.
移碼突變和異義突變都能被基因內抑製基因所抑製.

ribosome

24
中文翻譯
n.<生化>核糖體
英文釋義
any of the RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis
例句 Example
There were abundant mitochondria, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and ribosome.
胞質內有豐富的綫粒體 、 粗麵內質網、核糖體.

determine

25
中文翻譯
v.查明; 測定; 準確算齣; 決定; 敲定，安排; 下決心
英文釋義
to fix conclusively or authoritatively
例句 Example
They determined to start early.
他們決定早點齣發。

represent

26
中文翻譯
v.代錶; 象徵; 維護…的利益; 相當於; 描繪; 正式提齣
英文釋義
to bring clearly before the mind : present
例句 Example
The competition attracted over 500 contestants representing 8 different countries.
這次比賽吸引瞭代錶8個不同國傢的500多名參賽者。

experiment

27
中文翻譯
n.實驗; 試用v.做實驗; 嘗試
英文釋義
test, trial
例句 Example
Many people do not like the idea of experiments on animals.
許多人不贊成在動物身上做試驗。

universality

28
中文翻譯
n.普遍性; 通用性; 普適性; 一般性
英文釋義
the quality or state of being universal
例句 Example
It is precisely in the particularity of contradiction that the universality of contradiction resides.
矛盾的普遍性即寓於矛盾的特殊性之中.

clone

29
中文翻譯
n.剋隆動物/植物; 翻版，復製品v.剋隆
英文釋義
the aggregate of genetically identical cells or organisms asexually produced by or from a single progenitor cell or organism
例句 Example
A team from the UK were the first to successfully clone an animal.
英國的一個小組率先剋隆動物成功。

genome

30
中文翻譯
n.基因組，染色體組
英文釋義
one haploid set of chromosomes with the genes they contain; broadly : the genetic material of an organism
例句 Example
the human genome
人體基因組

locate

31
中文翻譯
v.找到，探明，確定…的位置; 放置，設立，建立; 創辦於
英文釋義
to establish oneself or one's business : settle
例句 Example
The mechanic located the fault immediately.
機修工立即找到瞭齣故障的地方。

recognize

32
中文翻譯
vt.認齣; 識彆; 承認vi.承認，確認; [法律]具結，立保證書
英文釋義
to acknowledge formally: such as
例句 Example
I recognized him as soon as he came in the room.
他一進屋我就認齣瞭他。

extract

33
中文翻譯
v.提取，提煉; 設法得到; 選取，摘錄; 獲得n.摘錄; 選錄; 提取物; 精華
英文釋義
to draw forth (as by research)
例句 Example
He rifled through his briefcase and extracted a file.
他在公文包內搜索一番，取齣一份文件。

incorporate

34
中文翻譯
vt.組成公司; 包含; 使混閤; 使具體化vi.包含; 吸收; 閤並; 混閤
英文釋義
to unite or work into something already existent so as to form an indistinguishable whole
例句 Example
Many of your suggestions have been incorporated in the plan.
你的很多建議已納入計劃中。

phosphorylase

35
中文翻譯
n.磷酸化酶
英文釋義
any of the enzymes that catalyze phosphorolysis with the formation of organic phosphates
例句 Example
Plant phosphorylase exhibits several differences from animal phosphorylase.
植物磷酸化酶與動物磷酸化酶比較,顯示幾方麵的差異.

frequency

36
中文翻譯
n.頻繁性; [數][物]頻率，次數; 頻率分布
英文釋義
the fact or condition of occurring frequently
例句 Example
The program can show us word frequency (= how often words occur in a language) .
這個程序可給我們顯示詞頻。

assign

37
中文翻譯
v.指派(任務); 給予
英文釋義
to transfer (property) to another especially in trust or for the benefit of creditors
例句 Example
Assign a different colour to each different type of information.
給每類信息分彆確定一種顔色。

asparagine

38
中文翻譯
n.天門鼕素，天鼕酰胺酸
英文釋義
a nonessential amino acid C4H8N2O3 that is an amide of aspartic acid
例句 Example
The amide nitrogen of glutamine or asparagine functions more effectively than ammonia.
榖酰胺或天門鼕酰胺的酰胺氮作用較氨更有效.

occur

39
中文翻譯
v.發生; 存在於
英文釋義
to be found or met with : appear
例句 Example
When exactly did the incident occur?
這一事件究竟是什麼時候發生的？

insertion

40
中文翻譯
n.插入（物）
英文釋義
something that is inserted: such as
例句 Example
An examination is carried out before the insertion of the tube.
插入導管前先要進行檢查。

mutate

41
中文翻譯
v. (使)變異，突變; 變成
英文釋義
to undergo mutation
例句 Example
the ability of the virus to mutate into new forms
病毒變異成新菌株的能力

triplet

42
中文翻譯
n.三胞胎之一; 三個一組; 三聯體（碼）; 三連音符
英文釋義
one of three offspring produced in the same pregnancy
例句 Example
Passive positioning with triplet linear array is a very useful method for target detecting.
采用三元綫陣進行被動定位是目標檢測中常用的方法.

specify

43
中文翻譯
vt.指定; 詳述; 提齣…的條件; 使具有特性vi.明確提齣，詳細說明
英文釋義
to name or state explicitly or in detail
例句 Example
Remember to specify your size when ordering clothes.
訂購服裝時記著要詳細說明你要的號碼。

acu

44
中文翻譯
abbr.acuity 敏銳; acupuncture 針刺療法; acuminate 銳利的; address control unit 地址控製單元
英文釋義
you have touched the matter with a needle : you hit the nail on the head
例句 Example
Fixed UI exploit allowing ACU duplication.
固定的UI功績允許ACU副本.

aac

45
中文翻譯
abbr.anti-aircraft cannon 防空炮; affirmative action clause 肯定行為句; automatic aperture control 自動孔徑控製; average annual cost 平均年支齣
英文釋義
a high-quality standardized computer file format for lossy compression and storage of digital audio data
例句 Example
Fixed a crash when decoding certain corrupted AAC files.
修正播放部分損壞AAC文件崩潰的問題.

arises

46
中文翻譯
v.發生，齣現，站立; 呈現，齣現，發生( arise的第三人稱單數 ); （由…）引起; 起身
英文釋義
to begin to occur or to exist : to come into being or to attention
例句 Example
Having identified the problem, the question arises of how to overcome it.
發現問題後，如何剋服它的問題又齣現瞭。

factor

47
中文翻譯
n.因素; 因子; 倍數; 係數v.把…因素包括進去
英文釋義
one who acts or transacts business for another: such as
例句 Example
economic factors
經濟因素

correspond

48
中文翻譯
v.符閤; 相當於; 通信
英文釋義
to be in conformity or agreement
例句 Example
Your account of events does not correspond with hers.
你對事情的陳述與她說的不相符。

depend

49
中文翻譯
v.取決於; 依賴
英文釋義
to be determined, based, or contingent
例句 Example
Starting salary varies from £26 000 to £30 500, depending on experience.
起薪為26 000至30 500英鎊不等，依個人經驗而定。

polypeptide

50
中文翻譯
n.多肽; 縮多氨酸
英文釋義
a molecular chain of amino acids
例句 Example
Proteins are complex macromolecules made up of one of more polypeptide chains.
蛋白質是復雜的大分子,由一條或幾條多肽鏈組成.

generate

51
中文翻譯
vt.形成，造成; 産生物理反應; 産生（後代）; 引起
英文釋義
to bring into existence: such as
例句 Example
The proposal has generated a lot of interest.
這項建議引起眾多的關注。

incomplete

52
中文翻譯
adj.不完全的; 未完成的; 不完備的; 片n.（學業成績評分）未修畢，未完成
英文釋義
not complete : unfinished: such as
例句 Example
an incomplete set of figures
一組不完整的數字

inactive

53
中文翻譯
adj.不活動的，不活躍的; 懶散的，怠惰的; 閑置的; [化]鈍性的
英文釋義
not active: such as
例句 Example
The inactivity of the government was deplorable.
政府的無所作為應受到譴責。

intragenic

54
中文翻譯
adj.基因內的
英文釋義
being or occurring within a gene
例句 Example
Both frameshift and missense mutations can be suppressed by intragenic suppressors.
移碼突變和異義突變都能被基因內抑製基因所抑製.

suppress

55
中文翻譯
vt.鎮壓，壓製; 止住，忍住; 禁止發錶; 阻止…的生長（或發展）
英文釋義
to put down by authority or force : subdue
例句 Example
The rebellion was brutally suppressed.
起義遭到瞭殘酷的鎮壓。

crack

56
中文翻譯
v.（使）破裂，裂開; 砸開，重擊; （使）發齣爆裂聲; （因壓力而）崩潰，瓦解; 變沙啞; 開（玩笑）; 找到解決…的方法n.縫隙，裂縫; 劈啪聲; 嘗試; 笑話adj.訓練有素的; 一流的
英文釋義
to make a very sharp explosive sound
例句 Example
The ice cracked as I stepped onto it.
我一踩冰就裂瞭。

degenerate

57
中文翻譯
adj.墮落的; 退化的n.墮落的人; 腐化的人v.惡化; 衰退; 墮落
英文釋義
having declined or become less specialized (as in nature, character, structure, or function) from an ancestral or former state
例句 Example
The march degenerated into a riot.
示威遊行變成瞭暴動。

degeneracy

58
中文翻譯
n.墮落，退化，退步
英文釋義
the state of being degenerate
例句 Example
The introduction of the field results in a removal of the degeneracy.
引入磁場,導緻瞭簡並消除.

synonym

59
中文翻譯
n.同義詞
英文釋義
one of two or more words or expressions of the same language that have the same or nearly the same meaning in some or all senses
例句 Example
‘Big ’ and ‘large ’ are synonyms.
big和large是同義詞。

evolve

60
中文翻譯
v.（使）逐漸形成/演變; 進化
英文釋義
emit
例句 Example
The idea evolved from a drawing I discovered in the attic.
這種想法是從我在閣樓裏發現的一幅畫得到啓發的。

purine

61
中文翻譯
n.嘌呤，咖啡堿
英文釋義
a crystalline base C5H4N4 that is the parent of compounds of the uric-acid group
例句 Example
The substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine, or vice versa is a transversion.
嘌呤為嘧啶取代或嘧啶為嘌呤所取代,叫做顛換.