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📖 Chapter8

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總詞彙
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histone

1
中文翻譯
n.組蛋白
英文釋義
any of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin
例句 Example
Chicken liver chromatin component DNA : RNA : histone: non - histone ratio is 1∶0.
雞肝染色質組成成分DNA∶RNA∶組蛋白∶非組蛋白的質量液度的比值為: 1∶0.

nucleosome

2
中文翻譯
n.核小體
英文釋義
any of the repeating globular subunits of chromatin that consist of a complex of DNA and histone
例句 Example
The general features of nucleosome structure appear to be similar in all eukaryotes.
核小體結構的一般特性似乎在所有的真核生物中都很相似.

chromosome

3
中文翻譯
n.<生>染色體
英文釋義
any of the rod-shaped or threadlike DNA-containing structures of cellular organisms that are located in the nucleus of eukaryotes, are usually ring-shaped in prokaryotes (such as bacteria), and contain all or most of the genes of the organism; also : the genetic material of a virus
例句 Example
chromosomal abnormalities
染色體畸形

sequence

4
中文翻譯
n.[數]數列，序列; 順序; 連續; 片斷插麯vt.使按順序排列，安排順序; [生化]確定…的順序，確定…的化學結構序列
英文釋義
a hymn in irregular meter between the gradual and Gospel in masses for special occasions (such as Easter)
例句 Example
He described the sequence of events leading up to the robbery.
他描述瞭搶劫案發生前的一係列有關情況。

associate

5
中文翻譯
v.聯想，聯係; 使與（某個組織、事業或觀點）有關係; 公開支持; 與…交往n.同事，夥伴; 閤夥人adj.（錶示頭銜）副的，準的; 有關聯的
英文釋義
to join as a partner, friend, or companion
例句 Example
I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood.
一聞到烘烤食物的味道我就想起瞭童年。

tail

6
中文翻譯
n.尾（巴）; 尾部; 燕尾服; 尾隨者，跟蹤者v.跟蹤，尾隨; 裝上尾巴
英文釋義
the rear end or a process or prolongation of the rear end of the body of an animal
例句 Example
The dog ran up, wagging its tail.
那條狗搖著尾巴跑上前去。

gene

7
中文翻譯
n.基因
英文釋義
a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located usually on a chromosome and that is the functional unit of inheritance controlling the transmission and expression of one or more traits by specifying the structure of a particular polypeptide and especially a protein or controlling the function of other genetic material
例句 Example
a dominant/recessive gene
顯性 / 隱性基因

remodel

8
中文翻譯
vt.改變…的結構[形狀]
英文釋義
to alter the structure of : remake
例句 Example
Workmen were hired to remodel and enlarge the farm buildings.
雇用瞭工人來改造和擴建農場建築。

cohesion

9
中文翻譯
n.團結，凝聚力; 〈物〉內聚力
英文釋義
the act or state of sticking together tightly; especially : unity
例句 Example
the cohesion of the nuclear family
核心傢庭的內聚性

mitosis

10
中文翻譯
n.有絲分裂，間接核分裂
英文釋義
a process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell, involves typically a series of steps consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and results in the formation of two new nuclei each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
例句 Example
An irregular mitosis is seen in the center.
中央可見病理性核分裂象.

centromere

11
中文翻譯
n.著絲粒著絲點
英文釋義
the point or region on a chromosome to which the spindle attaches during mitosis and meiosis
例句 Example
The duplicates are attached to each other at a constricted region called the centromere.
對偶體彼此相連於稱為著絲粒的縮小的區域.

modification

12
中文翻譯
n.修改，修正，變更，改良，改進，緩和，減輕，限製; [語]修飾，（用變音符號的）母音改變; [生]誘發變異，變態，變體，變型
英文釋義
the limiting of a statement : qualification
例句 Example
Considerable modification of the existing system is needed.
需要對現有的係統進行相當大的改進。

chromatid

13
中文翻譯
n.染色單體
英文釋義
one of the usually paired and parallel strands of a duplicated chromosome joined by a single centromere
例句 Example
METHODSTo determine the sister chromatid exchanges SCE of chronic alcoholism patients by peripheral blood culture.
應用外周全血淋巴細胞培養方法檢測慢性酒精中毒患者淋巴細胞姐妹染色單體交換率.

nuclease

14
中文翻譯
n.核酸酶
英文釋義
any of various enzymes that promote hydrolysis of nucleic acids
例句 Example
It hasn't been reported that the coelomic fluid of earthworm shows nuclease activity.
但對體腔液核酸酶活性卻未見報道.

modify

15
中文翻譯
vi.被修飾; 修改vt.改變; 減輕，減緩; [語]修飾，（用變音符號）改變
英文釋義
to make less extreme : moderate
例句 Example
The software we use has been modified for us.
我們使用的軟件已按我們的需要作過修改。

spindle

16
中文翻譯
n.紡錘，紗錠; 軸; 細長的人或物; [生]紡錘體
英文釋義
a round stick with tapered ends used to form and twist the yarn in hand spinning
例句 Example
The thread needs to be wound around the spindle.
綫需纏繞到紗錠上.

kinetochore

17
中文翻譯
n.動粒，著絲粒，著絲點; 原動體
英文釋義
centromere
例句 Example
The distal end of the kinetochore tubule is firmly embedded in the pole.
著絲點微管的末端牢牢地埋入紡錘極.

mitotic

18
中文翻譯
adj.有絲分裂的，間接核分裂的
英文釋義
of, relating to, involving, or occurring by cellular mitosis
例句 Example
Microtubules have dominated our think about the mitotic mechanisms.
微管促使我的思考有絲分裂的機製.

accessibility

19
中文翻譯
n.易接近，可到達; 學習資料利用率; 可詣達性; 可達性
英文釋義
capable of being reached; also : being within reach
例句 Example
Seminar topics are chosen for their accessibility to a general audience.
研討會內容是以普通聽眾容易理解為依據作齣選擇的。

tetramer

20
中文翻譯
n.四聚物; 四聚體
英文釋義
a molecule (such as an enzyme or a polymer) that consists of four structural subunits (such as peptide chains or condensed monomers)
例句 Example
Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the tetramer could bind to specific CTL from HLA - A 11 + donor.
流式細胞儀分析顯示所製備的四聚體可與HLA-A11+供者的抗原特異性CTL結閤.

prokaryotic

21
中文翻譯
adj.<生>原核的
英文釋義
of, relating to, or being a typically unicellular organism (as of the domains Bacteria and Archaea) lacking a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles : being or characteristic of a prokaryote
例句 Example
Plasmids are exta - chromosomal doublestranded, circular DNA molecules found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
質粒是在原核和真核細胞中發現的染色體外的雙鏈環狀DNA分子.

compose

22
中文翻譯
v.構成; 使鎮靜; 創作; 撰寫
英文釋義
to form by putting together : fashion
例句 Example
Ten men compose the committee.
委員會由十人組成。

repeat

23
中文翻譯
v.重復; 復述; 反復說; 重復做; 重復發生; 留有餘味n.再次發生; 重播; 重復部分adj.迴頭客的
英文釋義
to say or state again
例句 Example
to repeat a question
重復一遍問題

telomere

24
中文翻譯
n.端粒（在染色體端位上的著絲點）
英文釋義
the natural end of a eukaryotic chromosome composed of a usually repetitive DNA sequence and serving to stabilize the chromosome
例句 Example
Conclusion Telomere reduction and telomerase activation are critical factor during oncogenesis.
結論端粒縮短並激活端粒酶是涎腺腫瘤形成的重要因素.

attachment

25
中文翻譯
n.愛慕; 信念，忠誠; 附件; 連接; 短期在…工作
英文釋義
a seizure by legal process; also : the writ or precept commanding such seizure
例句 Example
a 4-month training attachment
為期4個月的培訓

acetylation

26
中文翻譯
n.乙酰化作用
英文釋義
to introduce the acetyl radical into (a compound)
例句 Example
The chromatin remodeling and histone acetylation were associated with transcription activation.
真核基因活化與染色質的重建及組蛋白的乙酰化相關.

genome

27
中文翻譯
n.基因組，染色體組
英文釋義
one haploid set of chromosomes with the genes they contain; broadly : the genetic material of an organism
例句 Example
the human genome
人體基因組

replicate

28
中文翻譯
vt.復製，復寫; 重復，反復; 摺轉; [生] 復製
英文釋義
duplicate, repeat
例句 Example
Subsequent experiments failed to replicate these findings.
後來的實驗沒有得齣同樣的結果。

microtubule

29
中文翻譯
n.微管
英文釋義
any of the minute tubules in eukaryotic cytoplasm that are composed of the protein tubulin and form an important component of the cytoskeleton, mitotic spindle, cilia, and flagella
例句 Example
It may be a sufficient but not necessary condition for microtubule organization.
對於微管組來說,它也許是更好的,但不是必需的條件.

interaction

30
中文翻譯
n.一起活動; 閤作; 互相影響; 互動; 交流，溝通
英文釋義
mutual or reciprocal action or influence
例句 Example
While the other children interacted and played together, Ted ignored them.
當彆的孩子相互交流、一起玩耍的時候,泰德對他們不予理睬。

package

31
中文翻譯
n.包裹; 包裝盒; 一組建議; 軟件包; 包價v.包裝; 使改頭換麵
英文釋義
the act or process of packing
例句 Example
A large package has arrived for you.
你有一個大包裹來瞭。

dimer

32
中文翻譯
n.二聚物
英文釋義
a compound formed by the union of two radicals or two molecules of a simpler compound; specifically : a polymer formed from two molecules of a monomer
例句 Example
Methods: The plasma fibrinogen and D - dimer in pulmonary embolism patients were measured.
方法對經臨床確診為肺栓塞患者測定其血漿D - 二聚體與縴維蛋白原濃度.

pole

33
中文翻譯
n.柱子; 杆; 極; 電極; 極端v.撐船
英文釋義
a long slender usually cylindrical object (such as a length of wood)
例句 Example
a tent pole
帳篷支柱

metaphase

34
中文翻譯
n.中期，轉位期
英文釋義
the stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes become arranged in the equatorial plane of the spindle
例句 Example
The eight chromosomes were randomly distributed at metaphase I.
在中期Ⅰ8對染色體的分布是無秩序的.

newly

35
中文翻譯
adv.新近，最近; 重新，又，再度; 以新的方式; 乍
英文釋義
lately, recently
例句 Example
a newly qualified doctor
新近獲得行醫許可的醫生

occur

36
中文翻譯
v.發生; 存在於
英文釋義
to be found or met with : appear
例句 Example
When exactly did the incident occur?
這一事件究竟是什麼時候發生的？

assemble

37
中文翻譯
v.聚集，收集; 組裝
英文釋義
to bring together (as in a particular place or for a particular purpose)
例句 Example
All the students were asked to assemble in the main hall.
全體學生獲通知到大禮堂集閤。

phd

38
中文翻譯
n.博士學位（Doctor of Philosophy）
英文釋義
the academic degree, title, or rank of doctor of philosophy; also : a person who has earned the academic degree of doctor of philosophy
例句 Example
He is more highly educated, with a PhD in Chemistry.
他受過更高的教育，擁有化學博士學位。

locate

39
中文翻譯
v.找到，探明，確定…的位置; 放置，設立，建立; 創辦於
英文釋義
to establish oneself or one's business : settle
例句 Example
The mechanic located the fault immediately.
機修工立即找到瞭齣故障的地方。

intron

40
中文翻譯
n.基因內區
英文釋義
a polynucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid that does not code information for protein synthesis and is removed before translation of messenger RNA
例句 Example
Initial analysis indicates that genome size and intron density is positively correlated to total intron size.
初步的統計結果錶明:基因組大小跟內含子總大小、內含子密度成正比的關係.

element

41
中文翻譯
n.要素，組成部分; 一群人; 些許; 〈化〉元素; 電熱元件; 風雨
英文釋義
any of the four substances air, water, fire, and earth formerly believed to compose the physical universe
例句 Example
She's really in her element at parties.
她在社交聚會上真是如魚得水。

duplication

42
中文翻譯
n.（不必要的）重復
英文釋義
the act or process of duplicating
例句 Example
...unnecessary duplication of resources.
不必要的資源重復

describe

43
中文翻譯
v.描述; 把…稱為; 做…運動; 形成…形狀; 認為; 描畫
英文釋義
to represent or give an account of in words
例句 Example
Can you describe him to me?
你能嚮我描述一下他的樣子嗎？

subunit

44
中文翻譯
n.子[分，亞]組
英文釋義
a unit that is part of a larger unit : a subdivision of a unit
例句 Example
The 50 S ribosomal subunit: a view of peptide bond formation using RNA.
50S核糖體亞基: 利用RNA閤成肽鍵的觀點.

slide

45
中文翻譯
v.滑動; 悄悄地溜到; 不自覺地陷入…; 貶值n.降低; 滑行; 幻燈片; 載玻片; 滑梯; 山崩; 拉管
英文釋義
to move smoothly along a surface : slip
例句 Example
We slid down the grassy slope.
我們從草坡上滑瞭下來。

refer

46
中文翻譯
v.提及; 涉及; 稱作; 參考; 轉醫院; 送交; 推薦; 指引; 描述
英文釋義
to think of, regard, or classify within a general category or group
例句 Example
The victims were not referred to by name.
沒有提到受害人的姓名。

discuss

47
中文翻譯
v.討論，商量; 闡述
英文釋義
to talk about
例句 Example
Have you discussed the problem with anyone?
你與誰商量過這個問題嗎？

involve

48
中文翻譯
v.包含，涉及; （使）加入; 錶明…
英文釋義
to engage as a participant
例句 Example
Any investment involves an element of risk.
任何投資都有一定的風險。

factor

49
中文翻譯
n.因素; 因子; 倍數; 係數v.把…因素包括進去
英文釋義
one who acts or transacts business for another: such as
例句 Example
economic factors
經濟因素

bind

50
中文翻譯
v.使緊密聯係，結閤; 約束; 捆綁; 裝訂n.窘境; 令人不快的事物
英文釋義
to make secure by tying
例句 Example
Add an egg yolk to make the mixture bind.
加個蛋黃使混閤料凝結在一起。

organize

51
中文翻譯
v.組織; 安排; 規劃; 建立組織
英文釋義
to form into a coherent unity or functioning whole : integrate
例句 Example
to organize a meeting/party/trip
組織籌備會議 / 聚會 / 旅行

anaphase

52
中文翻譯
n.（細胞分裂的）後期
英文釋義
the stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle
例句 Example
Anaphase bridges were used as indicators of inversion heterozygosity.
用後期橋作為倒位雜閤子性的指標.

scaffold

53
中文翻譯
n.腳手架; <史>斷頭颱
英文釋義
a temporary or movable platform for workers (such as bricklayers, painters, or miners) to stand or sit on when working at a height above the floor or ground
例句 Example
Moore ascended the scaffold and addressed the executioner.
穆爾走上斷頭颱，和劊子手說話。

methylation

54
中文翻譯
甲基化作用
英文釋義
the introduction of a methyl radical into a substance; especially : dna methylation
例句 Example
Methylation causes a permanent change in gene activity during development.
在發育過程中甲基化導緻瞭基因功能的永久改變.

mediate

55
中文翻譯
vt.經調解解決; 斡鏇促成vi.調停，調解，斡鏇
英文釋義
occupying a middle position
例句 Example
The Secretary-General was asked to mediate in the dispute.
有人請秘書長來調解這次紛爭。

reveals

56
中文翻譯
v.顯示( reveal的第三人稱單數 ); 揭示; 泄露; [神學]啓示
英文釋義
to make known through divine inspiration
例句 Example
A survey of 57 hospitals by Newchurch, a consultancy, reveals striking improvements.
一傢名為紐徹奇的谘詢公司對57傢醫院所作的調查顯示改善十分明顯。

fragment

57
中文翻譯
n.碎片; 片段，未完成的部分; （將文件內容）分段vt.（使）碎裂，破裂，分裂vi.破碎，碎裂
英文釋義
a part broken off, detached, or incomplete
例句 Example
Police found fragments of glass near the scene.
警方在現場附近發現瞭玻璃碎片。

interphase

58
中文翻譯
n.（細胞的）間期，界麵adj.界間的，相間的
英文釋義
the interval between the end of one mitotic or meiotic division and the beginning of another
例句 Example
During interphase the chromosomes are too tenuous to be stained.
在間期中,染色體非常縴細,以緻不能被染色.

helix

59
中文翻譯
n.螺鏇結構
英文釋義
something spiral in form: such as
例句 Example
Coil the fibre into a helix.
將縴維捲繞成螺鏇形。

wrap

60
中文翻譯
v.包，裹; 用…繞住; 使文字n.披肩，圍巾; 包裹物
英文釋義
to cover especially by winding or folding
例句 Example
He spent the evening wrapping up the Christmas presents.
他花瞭一個晚上的時間把聖誕禮物都包瞭起來。

bond

61
中文翻譯
n.紐帶; 聯係; 書麵的法律協定; 束縛; 羈絆; 枷鎖; 連接; 公債; 債券; 保釋金; 按揭貸款; 化學鍵v.與…緊密聯係; 使建立親密關係
英文釋義
something that binds or restrains : fetter
例句 Example
the bonds of oppression/injustice
壓迫 / 不公正的枷鎖

cod

62
中文翻譯
n.鱈魚; 鱈魚肉; 袋，包; 陰囊adj.假的；僞的；不真實的
英文釋義
any of various bottom-dwelling fishes (family Gadidae, the cod family) that usually occur in cold marine waters and often have barbels and three dorsal fins: such as
例句 Example
fishing for cod
捕鱈魚

instance

63
中文翻譯
n.例子，實例; 情況; 要求，建議; [法]訴訟手續vt.舉…為例
英文釋義
a step, stage, or situation viewed as part of a process or series of events
例句 Example
The report highlights a number of instances of injustice.
這篇報道重點列舉瞭一些不公正的實例。

homologs

64
中文翻譯
n.[生物][化學] 同係物; 同源染色體; 相當或相同的事物（homolog的復數）
英文釋義
something (such as a chemical compound or a chromosome) homologous
例句 Example
R " is a replaceable function , e . g . acetoxy, methoxy, their acyloxy and alkoxy homologs or halo.
R ” 是取化基,如乙氧基 、 甲氧基及它們的環氧和烷氧同係物或鹵基.

adapt

65
中文翻譯
v.（使）適應/適閤; 改編; 改造
英文釋義
to make fit (as for a new use) often by modification
例句 Example
These styles can be adapted to suit individual tastes.
這些式樣可以修改，以適應個人不同愛好。

decrease

66
中文翻譯
v.減少n.減少
英文釋義
to grow progressively less (as in size, amount, number, or intensity)
例句 Example
The number of new students decreased from 210 to 160 this year.
今年新生人數從210減少到160。

chromosomes

67
中文翻譯
n.<生>染色體( chromosome的名詞復數 )
英文釋義
any of the rod-shaped or threadlike DNA-containing structures of cellular organisms that are located in the nucleus of eukaryotes, are usually ring-shaped in prokaryotes (such as bacteria), and contain all or most of the genes of the organism; also : the genetic material of a virus
例句 Example
Chromosomes also determine the sex of animals.
染色體也決定動物的性彆.

segregate

68
中文翻譯
vt.（使）分開; 分離; 隔離; 隔離並區彆對待（不同種族、宗教或性彆的人）
英文釋義
to separate or set apart from others or from the general mass : isolate
例句 Example
a culture in which women are segregated from men
婦女受到隔離歧視的文化

meiotic

69
中文翻譯
adj.減數分裂的
英文釋義
the presentation of a thing with underemphasis especially in order to achieve a greater effect : understatement
例句 Example
Results : The configurations of meiotic spindle chromosome can be observed clearly by LSCM.
結果應用LSCM清晰地觀察到瞭卵母細胞紡綞體和染色體的形態.

observe

70
中文翻譯
v.觀察; 看到; 評論; 遵守; 慶祝
英文釋義
to conform one's action or practice to (something, such as a law, rite, or condition) : comply with
例句 Example
Have you observed any changes lately?
最近你注意到什麼變化沒有？

maintain

71
中文翻譯
v.維持，保持; 堅稱; 維修，保養; 供養
英文釋義
to keep in an existing state (as of repair, efficiency, or validity) : preserve from failure or decline
例句 Example
to maintain law and order/standards/a balance
維持治安；保持水平 / 平衡

strand

72
中文翻譯
n.（繩子的）股，絞; 海濱，河岸; （思想等的）一個組成部分vt.使滯留，使擱淺; 使陷於睏境vi.擱淺; 陷入睏境
英文釋義
the land bordering a body of water : shore, beach
例句 Example
a strand of wool
一股羊毛

origin

73
中文翻譯
n.起源; 齣身
英文釋義
ancestry, parentage
例句 Example
the origins of life on earth
地球上生命的起源

phase

74
中文翻譯
n.階段; 時期; 月相; （月亮的）盈虧v.分階段實行; 逐步做; 使定相
英文釋義
a particular appearance or state in a regularly recurring cycle of changes
例句 Example
during the first/next/last phase
在第一 / 下一 / 最後階段

contain

75
中文翻譯
v.裝有; 包含; 遏製; 控製; 剋製
英文釋義
to keep within limits: such as
例句 Example
This drink doesn't contain any alcohol.
這種飲料不含任何酒精。

bivalent

76
中文翻譯
adj.二價的n.二價體
英文釋義
having a valence of two : divalent
例句 Example
Bivalent Describing any pair of homologous chromosomes when they pair up during MEIOSIS.
在減數分裂中配對時的任意一對同源染色體.

importantly

77
中文翻譯
adv.重要地
英文釋義
—used to say that what follows in a sentence is important
例句 Example
I was hungry, and, more importantly, my children were hungry.
我很餓，更重要的是，我的孩子們很餓。

recruit

78
中文翻譯
n.新兵; （機構中的）新成員; 新學生vt.招聘，徵募; 吸收某人為新成員; 動員…（提供幫助）; 雇用vi.徵募新兵; 得到補充，得到補償; 恢復健康
英文釋義
to fill up the number of with new members : reinforce
例句 Example
The police are trying to recruit more officers from ethnic minorities.
警察機關正試圖從少數民族中徵募更多的新警員。

zigzag

79
中文翻譯
n.之字形; 鋸齒形綫條v.麯摺前進adj.彎彎麯麯的
英文釋義
one of a series of short sharp turns, angles, or alterations in a course; also : something having the form or character of such a series
例句 Example
The path descended the hill in a series of zigzags.
小路呈連續的之字形順著山坡蜿蜒而下。

lysine

80
中文翻譯
n.賴氨酸
英文釋義
a crystalline essential amino acid C6H14N2O2 obtained from the hydrolysis of various proteins
例句 Example
Cottonseed meal is deficient in lysine, methionine and leucine.
?澍宸廴狽?蛋彼幔0蛋氨酸和亮氨酸.

divide

81
中文翻譯
v.（使）分開; 分配; 除以; 分隔; （使）産生分歧n.明顯差異; 分界綫，分水嶺
英文釋義
to separate into two or more parts, areas, or groups
例句 Example
the North/South divide
南北分歧

unlike

82
中文翻譯
prep.不像; 與…不同; 與…平時不同adj.不同的，不像的
英文釋義
not like: such as
例句 Example
Music is quite unlike any other art form.
音樂與其他藝術形式迥然不同。

francis

83
中文翻譯
n.弗朗西斯（男子名，涵義：自由之人，無拘無束的人）
英文釋義
1936— originally Jorge Mario Bergoglio pope (2013— )
例句 Example
Francis bundled up her clothes again into their small sack.
弗朗西絲再次把她的衣服塞進瞭他們的小袋子裏。

determine

84
中文翻譯
v.查明; 測定; 準確算齣; 決定; 敲定，安排; 下決心
英文釋義
to fix conclusively or authoritatively
例句 Example
They determined to start early.
他們決定早點齣發。

illustrate

85
中文翻譯
v.（用示例/圖畫等）說明; 插圖於…
英文釋義
to provide with visual features intended to explain or decorate
例句 Example
The incident illustrates the need for better security measures.
這次事件說明瞭加強安全措施的必要。

inter

86
中文翻譯
vt.埋，葬
英文釋義
to deposit (a dead body) in the earth or in a tomb
例句 Example
Fraser did not perform until after inter-mission.
弗雷澤直到中場休息之後纔上場。